KPML>Documentation>Input
specifications>SPL>circumstances
English semantics for generation with KPML:
CIRCUMSTANCES
An
introductory guide by Juan Rafael Zamorano Mansilla
Updated January 2005
This is a list of the circumstances recognized by the semantic organisation
built into KPML. Most circumstances types are defined just like participants:
first you type the circumstance type after a colon (shown in blue below),
and then in brackets you write the name of the circumstance, the semantics
of the constituent that comes with the preposition and the rest of information
(which is the same as for participants, because you always have participants
or processes after prepositions). Other circumstances however have a more
complex formalism, including two names and two places for semantics. NAME1
refers to the name given to the circumstance relation, while NAME2 refers
to the name of the participant that comes with the preposition. Logically,
the semantics relative to that participant are placed next to NAME2. Sometimes,
however, it is important to specify the precise semantics to obtain the
right generation. In these cases the semantics appears in bold. Examples,
again drawing on the results that would be produced by the Nigel grammar
of English, are:
:inclusive (accom-1 / object :lex money)
:destination (Fr / object :lex France)
:absolute-temporal-extent (tempo / object :lex day :number plural)
:matter-q matter :matter-id (abo1 / empty :domain x :range (book
/ object :lex book :determiner the))
In red you can find the result of generation with these commands.
ACCOMPANIMENT
-
with
:inclusive ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
-
as well as
:additive ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
-
instead of
:alternative ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
-
without
:exclusive ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
CAUSE
-
because of
:reason ([name] / [semantics] :lex [item])
-
for (purpose)
:purpose ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
-
for (client)
:client ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
-
in spite of
:causal-relation ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
COMPARISON
-
like
:similarity ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
-
similar to
:know-manner-q known
:process-manner-id ([name1] / [semantics]
:resemblance-q resemblance
:formal-register-q formal
:concrete-comparison-q concrete
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics of the participant that comes with the preposition]
))
-
different from
:know-manner-q known
:process-manner-id ([name1] / [semantics]
:resemblance-q resemblance
:resemblance-type-q difference
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics of the participant that comes with the preposition]
))
MEANS
-
Adverbial Group
:manner ([name] / [semantics] :lex [item])
-
by (generalized means)
:generalized-means ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
-
by (enablement)
:enablement ([name]
/ [semantics] :lex [item])
-
by (agentive)
:agentive ([name]
/ [semantics] :lex [item])
-
by means of
:know-manner-q known
:process-manner-id ([name1] / enablement
:explicit-means-q explicit
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics of the participant that comes with the preposition]
))
-
with (instrumental)
:instrumental ([name]
/ [semantics] :lex [item])
SUBJECT-MATTER
-
concerning
:specific-matter ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
-
in the case of
:matter-q matter
:matter-id ([name1] / specific-matter
:matter-coverage-q clause
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics of the participant that comes with the preposition]
))
-
about
:diffuse-matter ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
-
as to
:matter-q matter
:matter-id ([name1] / diffuse-matter
:matter-coverage-q clause
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics of the participant that comes with the preposition]
))
-
of
:matter-q matter
:matter-id ([name1] / diffuse-matter
:formal-register-q formal
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics of the participant that comes with the preposition]
))
ROLE-PLAYING
-
as
:role-playing ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
TEMPORAL EXTENT
-
for (temporal extent)
:absolute-temporal-extent ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
-
in (temporal extent)
:relative-temporal-extent ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
-
during
:exhaustive-duration ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
SPATIAL EXTENT
-
for (spatial extent)
:absolute-spatial-extent ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
-
along
:parallel-extent ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
-
across
:nonparallel-extent ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
SPATIAL LOCATION
-
Adverbial Group
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / [semantics]
:identifiability-q identifiable
:location-relation-specificity-q unspecified
:lex [item])
-
at (spatial location)
:spatial-locating ([name] / space-point
:lex [item])
-
in (spatial location)
:spatial-locating ([name] / three-d-location
:lex [item])
-
outside
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / [semantics]
:containment-q noncontainment
:domain x
:range ([name2] / three-d-location :lex [item] ))
-
inside
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / [semantics]
:explicit-containment-q explicit
:domain x
:range ([name2] / three-d-location :lex [item] ))
-
on
:spatial-locating ([name] / one-or-two-d-location
:lex [item])
-
beside
:horizontal ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
-
next to
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / horizontal
:immediate-adjacency-q adjacent
:specify-adjacency-q specified
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
-
between
:between ([name] / [semantics] :lex [item])
-
behind
:behind ([name] / [semantics] :lex [item])
-
below
:below ([name] / [semantics] :lex [item])
-
underneath
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / below
:area-of-coverage-q partial
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
-
under
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / below
:area-of-coverage-q partial
:surface-contact-q noncontact
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
-
above
:above ([name] / [semantics] :lex [item])
-
over
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / above
:area-of-coverage-q partial
:surface-contact-q noncontact
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
-
on top of
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / above
:area-of-coverage-q partial
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
-
in front of
:facing ([name] / [semantics] :lex [item])
-
to (destination)
:destination ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
-
onto
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / destination
:domain x
:range ([name2] / one-or-two-d-location :lex [item] ))
-
into
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / destination
:domain x
:range ([name2] / three-d-location :lex [item] ))
-
towards
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / destination
:orientation-q oriented
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
-
from
:source ([name] / [semantics] :lex [item])
-
off
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / source
:domain x
:range ([name2] / one-or-two-d-location :lex [item] ))
-
out of
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / source
:domain x
:range ([name2] / three-d-location :lex [item] ))
-
away from
:spatial-location-specification-q
spatiallocation
:spatial-location-id ([name1] / source
:orientation-q oriented
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
TEMPORAL LOCATION
-
Adverbial Group
:temporal-location-specification-q
temporallocation
:temporal-location-id ([name1] / [semantics]
:identifiability-q identifiable
:location-relation-specificity-q unspecified
:lex [item])
-
at
:temporal-locating ([name] / time-point
:lex [item])
-
in
:temporal-locating ([name] / three-d-time
:lex [item])
-
on
:temporal-locating ([name] / one-or-two-d-time
:lex [item])
-
by (temporal location)
:temporal-ordering ([name] / [semantics]
:lex [item])
-
before
:anterior ([name] / [semantics] :lex [item])
-
until
:temporal-location-specification-q
temporallocation
:temporal-location-id ([name1] / anterior
:period-extremal-q periodextremal
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
-
after
:posterior ([name] / [semantics] :lex
[item])
-
since
:temporal-location-specification-q
temporallocation
:temporal-location-id ([name1] / posterior
:period-extremal-q periodextremal
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
-
from
:temporal-location-specification-q
temporallocation
:temporal-location-id ([name1] / posterior
:period-extremal-q periodextremal
:period-time-or-state-q state-or-activity
:domain x
:range ([name2] / [semantics] :lex [item] ))
KPML>Documentation>Input
specifications>SPL>circumstances