Bateman, J. A. ( 1990) , Upper modeling: organizing knowledge for natural language processing, in '5th. International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 3-6 June 1990', Pittsburgh, PA. Organized by Kathleen R. McKeown (Columbia University), Johanna D. Moore (University of Pittsburgh) and Sergei Nirenburg (Carnegie Mellon University). URL = http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/papers/general-description.ps
Bateman, J. A., Kasper, R. T., Moore, J. D. and Whitney, R. A. ( 1990) , A general organization of knowledge for natural language processing: the PENMAN upper model, Technical report, USC/Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, California.
Bateman, J. A. ( 1992) , The theoretical status of ontologies in natural language processing, in S. Preuß and B. Schmitz, eds, 'Text Representation and Domain Modelling -- ideas from linguistics and AI', KIT-Report 97, Technische Universitaet Berlin, pp. 50 -- 99. (Papers from KIT-FAST Workshop, Technical University Berlin, October 9th - 11th 1991). Also available from the Computation and Language E-print archive: cmp-lg/9704010. URL = http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/papers/tu-paper.ps
Henschel, R. and Bateman, J. ( 1994) , The merged upper model: a linguistic ontology for German and English, in 'Proceedings of COLING '94', Kyoto, Japan. URL = http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/papers/paper.ps
Bateman, J. A., Magnini, B. and Rinaldi, F. ( 1994) , The Generalized{ Italian,German,English} Upper Model, in 'Proceedings of the ECAI94 Workshop: Comparison of Implemented Ontologies', Amsterdam. URL = http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/papers/ecai94.ps
Bateman, J. A. ( 1995e) , 'On the relationship between ontology construction and natural language: a socio-semiotic view', International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 43, 929--944.
Bateman, J. A., Henschel, R. and Rinaldi, F. ( 1995) , Generalized upper model 2.0: documentation, Technical report, GMD/Institut fuer Integrierte Publikations- und Informationssysteme, Darmstadt, Germany. URL = http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/gen-um/newUM.html
Bateman, J., Magnini, B. and Fabris, G. ( 1995) , The generalized upper model knowledge base: Organization and use, in N. Mars, ed., 'Towards very large knowledge bases: knowledge building and knowledge sharing', IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 60--72.