#+kpml(in-package "PENMAN-KB")
#-kpml(in-package "LOOM")
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;                                                                          ;
;                 GENERALIZED UPPER MODEL 2.0-alpha                        ;
;                           August 1995                                    ;
;                          REV 1. May 2003                                 ;
;      (update for Loom 3/4 and loading without KPML/KOMET/Penman)         ;
;                                                                          ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;                                                                          ;
;COPYRIGHT (C) and GMD/INSTITUT FUER INTEGRIERTE PUBLIKATIONS-             ;  
;              UND INFORMATIONSSYSTEME, 1992, 1994                         ;  
;                                                                          ;
;GMD-IPSI, Dolivostr. 15                                                   ;  
;D-64293 Darmstadt                                                         ;  
;Germany                                                                   ;  
;                                                                          ;
;   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies  ;
;   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the         ;
;   copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,                  ;
;   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission               ;
;   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.                ;
;                                                                          ;
;   Use of this resource in work reported in published or publically       ;
;   accessable documents should be properly referenced in those            ;
;   documents. Reference should be made at least to the following          ;
;   descriptions (here in Bibtex format):                                  ;
;                                                                          ;
;@techreport{GUM-2-0, key = "Bateman",                                     ;
; author = "Bateman, John A. and Renate Henschel and Fabio Rinaldi"        ;
; year = 1995,                                                             ;
; title = "Generalized Upper Model 2.0: documentation                      ;
; institution = "GMD/Institut f{\"u}r Integrierte Publikations-            ;
; und Informationssysteme",                                                ;
; address = "Darmstadt, Germany",                                          ;
; URL = "http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/publish/komet/gen-um/newUM.html"}     ;
;                                                                          ;
;   As of 2002, the permanent URL should be used for obtaining the         ;
;   most recent version of the GUM: http://purl.org/net/gum2               ;
;                                                                          ;
;   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions                  ;
;   of this document, or of portions of it,                                ;
;   under the above conditions, provided also that they                    ;
;   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them,                 ;
;   and these changes are reported back to the above copyright holders.    ;
;                                                                          ;
;   The document is supplied "AS IS," without                              ;
;   any warranties of any kind.  It is furnished only on the basis that any;
;   party who receives it indemnifies and holds harmless the parties who   ;
;   furnish and originate it against any claims, demands or liabilities    ;
;   connected with using it, furnishing it to others or providing it to a  ;
;   third party.  THIS NOTICE MUST NOT BE REMOVED FROM THE SOFTWARE, AND IN;
;   THE EVENT THAT THE SOFTWARE IS DIVIDED, IT SHOULD BE ATTACHED TO EVERY ;
;   PART.                                                                  ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

#+kpml
(:version-case
  (":LOOM")
  ((- "2.1") (loom::in-kb 'loom::penman-kb))
  (t         (Loom::in-context loom::ideation-base-0))
)

#+(and (not kpml) loom2)(loom::in-kb 'loom::penman-kb)

#+(and (not loom2) (not kpml))
  (Loom:in-context loom::ideation-base-0)

;;; NOTE THAT THIS FILE IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT; IT CONTAINS A
;;; OPERATIVE VERSION OF THE GENERALIZED UPPER MODEL BUT WILL BE
;;; PROGRESSIVELY UPDATED.

;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------
;;; This contains the most general concepts in the multilingual
;;; experiential semantics of the current computational representation
;;; of the ideation base. It replaces the individual Upper Models
;;; described respectively for English and German. It draws on
;;; proposed organizations of the Bloomington Lattice from Halliday
;;; and Matthiessen and is documented at: 
;;;
;;;                      http://www.purl.org/net/gum2
;;;
;;; The definitions here are still not fully converted to the
;;; new forms defined in the documentation. This is ongoing work
;;; at this time.

;;; Notes on changes: ---------------------------------------------------
;; (kbclasses:in-kb loom:ideation-base) 
;;
;; A few occurrences of "penman:annotate-concept" have been
;; replaced by "penman::annotate-concept"
;; 
;; "standard" was defined as a subconcept of the undefined concept
;; "place", it has been defined as a "Participant-in-Configuration"
;; 
;; "attribuend" was defined as a subconcept of "domain", "compare-quality"
;; was defined as a subconcept of "range", both have been redefined as
;; subconcepts of "Participant-in-Configuration"
;; 
;; the concept "process" was defined as a "um-relation", now it is 
;; defined as an "Element", "circumstance" was defined as a 
;; "Participant", now it is also a specialization of "Element"
;; 
;; "Participant-In-Configuration" had a restrictions "at-least 1" in
;; the "Configurational" concept, this has been changed to "at-least 0"
;; (e.g. Meteorological Process does not have participants)
;;
;; All the "um-relation"-s, have been unreified. 
;; All all the participants and circumstances are defined as
;; simple relations.
;;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; the following commands are executed
;; in the calling file
;;(loom::use-loom 'penman-kb)
;;(defkb penman-kb ())

;;; Retain as top node the concept UM-Thing in case anything in Penman is
;;; sensitive to just this name... A better name is phenomenon or situation.

(defconcept UM-Thing :is :primitive
  :disjoint-covering ( Sequence 
		       Configuration 
		       Element))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept UM-Thing
  :doc-strings
  ("The most general experiential category that can be expressed through the"
   "resources of the lexicogrammar of a language.")
  :lex-items
  (SITUATION))

;; subtypes of the following general concept include:
;;  process-in-configuration
;;  circumstance-in-configuration
;;  participant-in-configuration
;; etc.

(defrelation um-relation :is  :primitive)

;;;================================================================================
(defconcept Sequence
  :is (:and UM-Thing :primitive))

;;  :disjoint-covering ( expanding-configuration 
;;		       projecting-configuration))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Sequence
  :doc-strings
  ("A complex of Configuration categories.")
  :lex-items
  (COMPLEX-SITUATION))


;;;
;;; To be adequately modified ...

;(defreified-relation expanding-configuration
;  :is (:and (:concept Sequence :primitive)  
;	    (:exactly 1 domain)
;	    (:all domain um-thing)
;	    (:exactly 1 range)
;	    (:all range um-thing)))

;(defreified-relation projecting-configuration
;  :is (:and (:concept Sequence :primitive)
;	    (:exactly 1 domain)
;	    (:all domain um-thing)
;	    (:exactly 1 range)
;	    (:all range um-thing)))

(defrelation domain) 
(defrelation range)  

;;;================================================================================


(defconcept Configuration
  :is (:and UM-Thing :primitive
	    (:at-least 0 Participant-in-configuration)
	    (:at-least 1 Process-in-configuration)
	    (:at-least 0 Circumstance-in-configuration)
	    (:all Participant-in-configuration participant)
	    (:all Process-in-configuration process)
	    (:all Circumstance-in-configuration circumstance))
  :disjoint-covering (doing&happening saying&sensing being&having)
;;;  :disjoint-covering (inherent contingent distinct)
;;;  :disjoint-covering (projected nonprojected)
;;;  :disjoint-covering (Consequence-oriented Non-consequence-oriented)
 )

;;; Any use for the following ?
;; 
;; (defconcept Consequence-oriented
;;   :is (:and Configuration :primitive))
;; (defconcept Non-consequence-oriented
;;   :is (:and Configuration :primitive))
;; (defconcept inherent
;;   :is (:and Configuration :primitive)) 
;; (defconcept contingent
;;   :is (:and Configuration :primitive)) 
;; (defconcept distinct
;;   :is (:and Configuration :primitive))
;; (defconcept projected
;;   :is (:and Configuration :primitive))
;; (defconcept nonprojected
;;   :is (:and Configuration :primitive))

(defrelation Participant-in-configuration            
		     :is (:and um-relation :primitive)
		     :domain Configuration
		     :range Participant)

;;		     :constraints (:all domain Configuration)
;;		     :constraints (:all range Participant))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PARTICIPANT-in-configuration
  :doc-strings
  ("A process/state/event is said to `contain' some number of entities that PARTICIPATE in the"
   "actualization of that process/state/event.  The manner of these entities participation is"
   "identified in terms of given role names."))

(defrelation Circumstance-in-configuration
  :is (:and um-relation :primitive)
  :domain Configuration)
	;(:DOMAIN process)

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept CIRCUMSTANCE-IN-CONFIGURATION
  :doc-strings
  ("A process potentially consists of three components:  the process itself, participants in"
   "the process, and CIRCUMSTANCES associated with the process.  Circumstances are often"
   "realized as adverbial groups or prepositional phrases.  Circumstances expressed as"
   "adverbial groups come from the circumstance hierarchy, while those expressed as"
   "prepositional phrases are represented as circumstantial relations.") 
  :lex-features
  (CIRCUMSTANTION))

(defrelation Process-in-configuration
  :is (:and um-relation :primitive)
  :domain Configuration
  :range Process)


;;;================================================================================

(defconcept Element
  :is (:and UM-Thing :primitive))

(defconcept participant
  :is (:and Element :primitive))

;;;  :disjoint-covering (simple-thing simple-quality))

(defconcept circumstance    
  :is (:and Element  :primitive))

; the kinds of entities that can be used as
; circumstances (places, times, etc.) can also
; serve as participants in the appropriate
; configurations...

(defconcept Process 
  :is (:and Element :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PROCESS
  :doc-strings
  ("OLD TEXT: All of the entities classfied under PROCESS can be expressed as verbs and are frequently"
   "the main verb in a clause. Participants in a process typically come from the SIMPLE-THING" 
   "hierarchy and are realized as nominal groups. Clearly there are some kinds of relations"
   "which will have actions or processes as their participants, e.g. causality. There are"
   "mechanisms by which processes may be nominalized when they become participants in other"
   "processes.  Circumstances are realized as adverbial groups or prepositional phrases."
   "Circumstances expressed as adverbial groups come from the CIRCUMSTANCE hierarchy, while"
   "those expressed as prepositional phrases are represented as circumstantial relations.  In"
   "LOOM terms, the process itself is a concept.  It has a role for each of its participants."
   "It may have roles for its circumstances. There are particular kinds of participant roles"
   "associated with different types of processes.  That is, the participant roles will be"
   "value-restricted to different concepts in the simple-thing hierarchy for different processes.")
  :lex-features
  (NOMINALIZATION))

(defconcept verbal-process 
  :is-primitive Process)

(defconcept material-process
  :is-primitive Process)

(defconcept mental-process
  :is-primitive Process)


(Defconcept Simple-thing      ;; New name for old "Object"
  :is (:and Element :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Decomposable-Object Nondecomposable-Object)
  :disjoint-covering (Conscious-Being Non-Conscious-Thing))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Simple-thing 
  :doc-strings
  ("An entity which may participate in a configuration.")
  :lex-items
  (PARTICIPATING-THING))       ;;; ???? OBJECT ????






(defconcept Simple-Quality 
  :is (:and Element :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Material-World-Quality Logical-Quality Modal-Quality))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SIMPLE-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Qualities are properties of simple-things and processes. They participate in property ascription"
   "relations.  Roughly speaking, qualities include anything that can be expressed as an"
   "English adjective."))

; -----------------------------------------------------------
; PROCESS TYPES
; -----------------------------------------------------------

(defconcept saying&sensing
  :is (:and Configuration :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (internal-processing external-processing))

; MENTAL PROCESSES are now cases of internal saying and sensings....

(defconcept internal-processing
  :is (:and saying&sensing :primitive
            (:at-least 1 Phenomenon)
            (:at-least 1 Senser)
            (:all Senser Conscious-Being)))
;;;  :disjoint-covering (Mental-Active Mental-Inactive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept internal-processing
  :doc-strings
  ("Individual-internal processes of cognition, emotion, decision, or feeling.  Mental"
   "processes have a role called senser, which is mandatory.  This role should be value-"
   "restricted to CONSCIOUS-BEING.  If this constraint is violated by an utterance, the"
   "utterance is grammatically metaphorical.  There is also a role for the PHENOMENON of"
   "mental processing.")
  :lex-features
  (EXPERIENCEVERB))

(defrelation Senser
  :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SENSER
  :doc-strings
  ("The entity that undergoes the experience in a mental process.  Referents of qualities in"
   "this category ought to  be restricted to be conscious-beings.  Examples include:  `happy',"
   "`angry', `sad', `amused', `afraid'.  Constructions involving qualities in this class can"
   "specify a fact as the cause of the mental state.  For example, ``Henry was sad that he"
   "missed the performance''. ``Henry was angry because the train was late''.  Note that such"
   "constructions are not possible with phenomenon-oriented-qualities.  Some qualities fall"
   "into both categories, but are expressed differently depending on their classification."
   "Compare:  ``I am *amazed* that the earth is flat'' (senser-oriented);  ``That the earth is"
   "flat is *amazing* to me'' (phenomenon-oriented)."))

(defrelation Phenomenon
  :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PHENOMENON
  :doc-strings
  ("The object of perception in a mental process of perceiving."))

;;;
;;; The distinction active/inactive is not grammatically
;;; well-founded
;;;
				    
;; (defconcept Mental-Active
;;  :is (:and Internal-processing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MENTAL-ACTIVE
  :doc-strings
  ("This is another specialization of actions concerned with mental processing. Examples of"
   "verbs which would fall into this category are:  `convince', `please'.  Also the verb"
   "`will', in the context: ``I will that something be the case''.")
  :lex-items
  (WILL-volition))

;; (defconcept Mental-Inactive
;;   :is (:and Internal-processing :primitive)
;;   :disjoint-covering (Cognition Perception Reaction))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MENTAL-INACTIVE
  :doc-strings
  ("Concepts in this category describe passive, inactive mental processing.  There are 3"
   "subtypes of this category:"
   "Perception (e.g. `see`, `hear`, `taste`, `smell`, `feel`),"
   "Cognition (e.g. `think`, `believe`, `know`, `understand`, `realize`), and"
   "Reaction/Emotion/Affection (e.g. `love`, `hate`, `want`, `wish`, `fear`, `desire`.)"
   ""
   "Inactive-mental-processes do not normally take the progressive form.  Recall that"
   "material-actions do take the progressive form."

   "Passivization is rare for most of these, except in the case where the phenomenon is a noun"
   "phrase, e.g."
   "``Henry likes Mary.''"
   "``Mary is liked by Henry.''"
   "but not"
   "``Henry likes to go to the races.''"
   "``*To go to the races is liked by Henry.''"
   ""   
   "Inactive-mental-processes also often form `reversal pairs'.  One of the mental actions in"
   "the pair is active, the other is inactive (or inactive), e.g.``I *like* bananas.'' vs. "
   "``Bananas *please* me.''  Other pairs are <fear, frighten>, <wonder, amaze>, <desire, "
   "attract>.  Compare this to actions where reversal is only possible using passive voice.")
  :lex-items
  (SENSE))

(defconcept Perception
  :is (:and Internal-Processing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PERCEPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("An involuntary mental process of perceiving a phenomenon.")
  :lex-features
  (PERCEPTION)
  :lex-items
  (FEEL FEEL-TACTILE SEE))

(defconcept Cognition
  :is (:and Internal-Processing  :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept COGNITION
  :doc-strings
  ("Processes of cognition (e.g. `think', `believe', `know', `understand', `realize').")
  :lex-features
  (COGNITION))

(defconcept Believe
  :is (:and Cognition :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept BELIEVE
  :doc-strings
  ("The involuntary mental process of holding a belief")
  :lex-items
  (BELIEVE))

(defconcept Know
  :is (:and Cognition :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept KNOW
  :doc-strings
  ("A mental process describing the involuntary state of knowing that something is the case.")
  :lex-items
  (KNOW))

(defconcept Think
  :is (:and Cognition :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept THINK
  :doc-strings
  ("The mental process of thinking.")
  :lex-items
  (THINK))

(defconcept Intention
  :is (:and  Internal-Processing :primitive))

;;; Reaction becomes Intention
;;; to avoid confusion

;; (defconcept Reaction
;;  :is (:and  Internal-Processing :primitive))
(defconcept Emotion
  :is (:and  Internal-Processing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Emotion
  :doc-strings
  ("An inactive mental process that captures an uncontrolled emotional response to something"
   "or some state of affairs in terms of its appeal. Examples would be FEARING and DISLIKING"
   "on the negative side, and LIKING on the positive side.")
  :lex-features
  (REACTION))

(defconcept Liking
  :is (:and Emotion :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept LIKING
  :doc-strings
  ("An involuntary favorable mental/emotional reaction to some entity or state of affairs, or"
   "a process that presupposes a favorable reaction, e.g. to `want' or `strive' to bring"
   "something about.")
  :lex-features
  (LIKE))

(defconcept Disliking
  :is (:and Emotion :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept DISLIKING
  :doc-strings
  ("A mental reaction that is negative towards some object or state of affairs.")
  :lex-features
  (DISLIKE))

(defconcept Fearing
  :is (:and Emotion :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept FEARING
  :doc-strings
  ("A mental reaction that is negative towards some object or state of affairs and which"
   "invokes fear.")
  :lex-features
  (FEAR))

;;;
;;; Striving and Wanting are not addresses in the current 
;;; inquiry implementation
;;; perhaps they should be defined as subtypes of Intention

;; (defconcept Striving
;;  :is (:and Liking :primitive))

;; #+kpml(penman::annotate-concept STRIVING
;;  :doc-strings
;;  ("A type of mental reaction that attempts to bring about some state of affairs or event.")
;;  :lex-items
;;  (TRY))

;;(defconcept Wanting
;;  :is (:and Liking :primitive))
;;
;;#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept WANTING
;;  :doc-strings
;;  ("A type of mental reaction that wants to bring about some state of affairs or event.")
;;  :lex-items
;;  (WANT))

;
; VERBAL PROCESSES are now cases of external-processing of saying and sensing
;

(defconcept external-processing
  :is (:and saying&sensing
;;;;            (:at-least 1 Saying)
            (:at-least 1 Sayer)))
;;;  :disjoint-covering (Behavioral-Verbals Proper-Verbals))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept EXTERNAL-PROCESSING
  :doc-strings
  ("A process of communication.")
  :lex-features
  (SYMBOLICVERB))

(defrelation Sayer
  :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SAYER
  :doc-strings
  ("The actor in a verbal process."))

(defrelation Addressee
  :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ADDRESSEE
  :doc-strings
  ("Receiver of the communicative process, e.g. Henry told *me* that dinner"
   "would be ready at 6:00pm."))

(defrelation Saying
  :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SAYING
  :doc-strings
  ("The information being communicated by a communicative process."))

;;(defconcept Non-Addressee-Oriented-Verbal-Process
;;  :is (:and External-processing :primitive))
;;
;;#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NON-ADDRESSEE-ORIENTED-VERBAL-PROCESS
;;  :doc-strings
;;  ("A verbal process that does not intrinsically require an addressee.")
;;  :lex-items
;;  (SAY))
;
;(defconcept Name-Event
;  :is (:and Non-Addressee-Oriented-Verbal-Process
;            (:all Result Name))
;  :annotations ((lexicalitems (name-event))))
;
;;(defconcept Addressee-Oriented-Verbal-Process
;;  :is (:and External-processing :primitive
;;            (:at-least 1 Addressee)))
;;
;;#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ADDRESSEE-ORIENTED-VERBAL-PROCESS
;;  :doc-strings
;;  ("A verbal process for which the addressee is an obligatory role. ")
;;  :lex-items
;;  (TELL))

;;;; The Verbal Process subhierarchy has been completely rewritten 
;;;; according to the proposal made in [Bateman, Magnini, Rinaldi 1994]

(defconcept Behavioral-Verbals
  :is (:and External-Processing :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Addressing Non-Addressing))

(defconcept Non-Addressing 
  :is (:and Behavioral-Verbals :primitive))

(defconcept Addressing 
  :is (:and Behavioral-Verbals :primitive))

(defconcept Proper-Verbals
  :is (:and External-Processing :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Addressee-Oriented Non-Addressee-Oriented)
  :disjoint-covering (Message-Oriented Non-Message-Oriented))

(defconcept Message-Oriented 
  :is (:and Proper-Verbals
	    (:at-least 1 Saying)
	    :primitive))

(defconcept Non-Message-Oriented 
  :is (:and Proper-Verbals 
	    (:at-most 0 Saying)
	    :primitive))

(defconcept Addressee-Oriented 
  :is (:and Proper-Verbals 
	    (:at-least 1 Addressee)
	    :primitive))

(defconcept Non-Addressee-Oriented 
  :is (:and Proper-Verbals 
	    (:at-most 0 Addressee)
	    :primitive))

(defconcept Message-Transfer 
  :is (:and Message-Oriented Non-Addressee-Oriented :primitive))

(defconcept Addressing-Verbals
  :is (:and Non-Message-Oriented Addressee-Oriented :primitive))

(defconcept Communicative-Attitude
  :is (:and Non-Message-Oriented Non-Addressee-Oriented :primitive))


;
; MATERIAL PROCESSES is now doing&happening
;

(defconcept doing&happening
  :is (:and Configuration :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Directed-Action Nondirected-Action))
;;  :disjoint-covering (Meteorological Doing-to/with&happening))


#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept doing&happening
  :doc-strings
  ("Doing&happenings include both intentional actions, i.e. actions with a volitional actor,"
   "e.g. ``The mouse ran up the clock'' and happenings, such as  EROSION  and DISINTEGRATION,"
   "e.g. ``The wall came tumbling down.''  The role of this relation is:  ACTOR.  This should"
   "value-restricted to simple-things excluding things created by mental processing (e.g. facts) and"
   "speech (direct or indirect).  Material actions which are in the process of occurring are"
   "typically expressed in the present progressive tense. Compare the following:"
   "``My watch says it is 4:30pm.'' vs. ``Henry is going to the market.''  Thus, a test for"
   "determining whether a concept falls into this category is to look at the natural way of"
   "expressing the concept.  For example, ``The house collapses'' (non-progressive) vs. "
   "``The house is collapsing'' (progressive)."
   ""
   "Material Processes are further broken up into two classes, depending upon whether or not"
   "they can have an actee: Directed-Actions and Nondirected-Actions.")
  :lex-features
  (DOVERB))

(defconcept Ambient-Process
;; the term "Meteorological Processes" is also
;; sometimes used
;; perhaps should be moved down a level
;; as a subconcept of "Nondirected-Happening"
  :is (:and  Nondirected-Action :primitive))
;;  :disjoint-covering (raining snowing hailing sunning winding))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Ambient-Process
  :doc-strings
  ("A process describing an ambient condition, such as the weather, temperature, etc.")
  :lex-features
  (METEOROLOGY))


(defconcept Directed-Action
  :is (:and Doing&Happening
            (:at-least 1 Actee))
  :disjoint-covering (Creative-Material-Action Dispositive-Material-Action))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Directed-Action
  :doc-strings
  ("Doing-to/withs (Directed-Actions)
    have an ACTEE role.  They are always transitive, although they may be"
   "actee-intransitive.  In this case, the actee is not specified, but is inferrable.  For"
   "example, ``Henry hunts.''  In this case, we can infer that Henry hunts something in the"
   "category of `huntable-things'.  Doing-to/withs can always have a beneficiary of the"
   "client type. This is expressed by the prepositional phrase:  `for' client.  Directed-"
   "actions are further broken up into two subclasses depending upon whether or not the actee"
   "existed before the action occurred.")
  :lex-features
  (EFFECTIVE)
  :lex-items
  (DO))

; Those doing-to/withs which create their |R|ACTEE.

(defconcept Creative-Material-Action
;;; Doing-To/With
  :is (:and Directed-Action :primitive
;;;;            (:all Material Simple-thing)   ;;; What does it do this here ????
            (:at-least 1 Result)  ; The actee should always be a result.
            (:all Result Simple-thing)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Creative-Material-Action
  :doc-strings
  ("A specialization of doing-to/with.  Actions in this category *create* their actee.  For"
   "example, ``Mary baked a cake.''  All actions in this category can be realized using the"
   "verbs `create' or `make'")
  :lex-features
  (CREATION)
  :lex-items
  (MAKE))


; Actions in this category affect their |R|ACTEE.
; This category includes any verbs that describe an action on something that already exists.

(defconcept Dispositive-Material-Action
  :is (:and Directed-Action :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Dispositive-Material-Action
  :doc-strings
  ("Another specialization of doing-to/with (directed-action).
    Actions in this category affect their actee."
   "This category includes any verbs that describe an action on something that already exists,"
   "e.g. ``Eunice ate the cake.''")
  :lex-features
  (DISPOSAL))

(defconcept Name-Event
  :is (:and Dispositive-Material-Action
	    (:all Result Name)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NAME-EVENT
  :doc-strings
  ("The process of giving something a name.")
  :lex-items
  (NAME-EVENT))

; There may be no |R|ACTEE.

(defconcept Nondirected-Action
;;; Nondirected-Doing&Happening
  :is (:and Doing&Happening :primitive
	    (:at-most 1 Actor))
  :disjoint-covering (Nondirected-Happening Nondirected-Doing))
;;;  :disjoint-covering (Nonmotion-happenings Motion-Process))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Nondirected-Action
  :doc-strings
  ("Non-doing-to/withs are those material-actions which either have no `actee', or whose"
   "`actee' is not created or affected by the action.  They are often (though not necessarily)"
   "intransitive.   In the case they are transitive, the object is not affected or created by"
   "the action.  Instead it specifies a range of the action.  For example, ``I play the piano/"
   "tennis.''  This specifies that I am capable of a typical kind of playing."
   ""
   "All verbs of movement are examples of non-doing-to/withs, e.g. `climb', `walk', `fly',"
   "`fall', `run'.  Skills, such as `read  (music)', `speak (French), etc.  are included in"
   "this category.  In addition,  the verbs `have' as in `have lunch', `take' as in `take a"
   "shower', `do' as in `do a dance', and `make' are in this category.")
  :lex-features
  (MIDDLE))

;;; replaced by "Nondirected-Happening" 
;;;(defconcept Nonmotion-happenings
;;;  :is (:and Nondirected-Doing&Happening :primitive))


(defconcept Motion-Process
  :is (:and Nondirected-Doing :primitive))
;;;  :is (:and Nondirected-Doing&Happening :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MOTION-PROCESS
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of nondirected action that includes motion on the part of the actor.")
  :lex-items
  (GO))

;;; participants

(defrelation Actor
  :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ACTOR
  :doc-strings
  ("A transitivity function in a material clause; the participant always inherent in the"
   "clause according to the transitive model of transitivity.  The process it participates in"
   "may or may not extend to affect another participant, the Goal.  For instance, (Actor:)"
   "Henry (Process:) dove; (Actor:) Henry (Process:) kicked (Goal:) the ugly duckling. (The"
   "term Actor is to be distinguished from the term Agent.  While the former is confined to"
   "material clauses in the transitive model, the latter is a generalized transitivity"
   "function--the `causer'--in the ergative model; see the Upper Model description document"
   "for more details."))

(defrelation Actee
  :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ACTEE
  :doc-strings
  ("A process participant describing the entity to which a process is `done', `carried out"
   "on', etc."))

; e.g. "John took a bath".
; the verb carries no info about what the process is actually doing, it's
; all been shifted to the participant process-range.
; e.g. "The car turned the corner"
; Here the corner is the range over which the process is occurring.
; The reason |R|PROCESS-RANGE is a SubC of |R|actee is that the
; filler of |R|PROCESS-RANGE "acts like" an |R|actee, i.e. comes
; after the verb without a preposition intervening.

(defrelation Process-Range
  :is (:and Actee :primitive
            (:domain doing&happening)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PROCESS-RANGE
  :doc-strings
  ("A participant role where the participant is not affected or altered by the actualization"
   "of the process, but instead serves more to define the nature of the process."))

; Probably in conflict with grammar:
; #+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Process-Range :lex-items (do))

(defrelation Beneficiary
  :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept BENEFICIARY
  :doc-strings
  ("A transitivity function in the clause, according to the generalized ergative transitivity"
   "model: the participant benefitting from the actualization of the combination of Process +"
   "Medium. In a material clause, it is the Recipient (My aunt gave *the farmer* a duckpress)"
   "or the Client (Pour *me* out a cold Dos Equis beer) and in a verbal one, it is the "
   "addressee (Joe told *us* all about Eve). It also occurs in a few relational clause types"
   "(I owe *you* an apology) and mental clauses (I envy *you* your luck; I don't begrudge" 
   "*you* your happiness)."))

(defrelation Client
  :is (:and Causal-Relation Beneficiary :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept CLIENT
  :doc-strings
  ("The role of beneficiary where something is done for another person."))

(defrelation Recipient
  :is (:and Beneficiary :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept RECIPIENT
  :doc-strings
  ("The beneficiary participant role of a material process."))


(defrelation Result
  :is (:and Actee :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept RESULT
  :doc-strings
  ("A particular type of participant relationship to a process:  identifies the participant"
   "that is in the role of being affected, acted upon, or brought into being by the"
   "actualization of the process."))

;------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
;  OBJECTS are now Simple-things
;-------------------------------------------------------------------------

(defconcept Decomposable-Object
  :is (:and Simple-thing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept DECOMPOSABLE-OBJECT
  :doc-strings
  ("An object that is being viewed as being made up of parts that may be taken apart and are"
   "often given explicit linguistic recognition."))

(defconcept Um-Set 
  :is (:and Decomposable-Object Abstraction :primitive))

;;;    What is the use of this role ???
;;;	    (:at-least 1 Element)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept UM-SET
  :doc-strings
  ("An abstract assemblage of elements."))

(defconcept Disjunctive-Set
  :is (:and Um-Set :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept DISJUNCTIVE-SET
  :doc-strings
  ("A set of alternatives."))

(defconcept Ordered-Set
  :is (:and Ordered-Object UM-Set :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ORDERED-SET
  :doc-strings
    ("A set whose elements are ordered."))
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

(defconcept Ordered-Object
  :is (:and Decomposable-Object :primitive))

;;; This has been only temporarily deleted,
;;; the problem is that the relation "element-list"
;;; is no more reified, it is defined as a concept

;;;        (:at-least 1 Element-List)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ORDERED-OBJECT
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of decomposable object whose parts have an intrinsic ordering of their own;"
   "for example, the elements of a list, the carriages of a train, etc."))

;;;
;;; Used to be "Element", the name has been changed because
;;;  we have now a more general concept called "element"
;;;

(defconcept Element-List
  :is (:and  Part :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ELEMENT-LIST
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of part-whole relationship, such as that holding between a list and its elements."))

;;; The inverse of the Element-List relation
;;;(defconcept Element-Of 
;;;  :is (:and Part-Of :primitive))

;;#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Element-Of
;;  :doc-strings
;;  ("The inverse of the Element relation."))

;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION ordered-by	:PRIMITIVE
;  (:SPECIALIZES structured-association)
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)))

(defconcept Space-Interval
  :is (:and Spatial Ordered-Object :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (One-Or-Two-D-Location Three-D-Location))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPACE-INTERVAL
  :doc-strings
  ("Space as a decomposible set of points, intervals, or volumes."))

(defconcept One-Or-Two-D-Location
  :is (:and Space-Interval :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ONE-OR-TWO-D-LOCATION
  :doc-strings
  ("A spatial object that is either a line or a plane."))

(defconcept Three-D-Location
  :is (:and Space-Interval :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept THREE-D-LOCATION
  :doc-strings
  ("A three dimensional space."))

(defconcept Time-Interval
  :is (:and Temporal Ordered-Object :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Past Present Future)
  :disjoint-covering (One-Or-Two-D-Time Three-D-Time))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TIME-INTERVAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A time interval."))

(defconcept Past
  :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive))

(defconcept Present
  :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive))

(defconcept Future
  :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive))

(defconcept One-Or-Two-D-Time
  :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ONE-OR-TWO-D-TIME
  :doc-strings
  ("A temporal object that is a time interval or smaller scale succession of time intervals,"
   "e.g. a day (in opposition to a year). This is clearly a matter of the perspective that"
   "is being drawn in particular cases."))

(defconcept Three-D-Time
  :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept THREE-D-TIME
  :doc-strings
  ("A portion of time that is being viewed as of sufficiently large scale to need"
   "expression as if it were a volume within which thing occured (e.g. in 1966), rather"
   "than a plane on which things occured (e.g. on that day)."))

(defconcept Nondecomposable-Object
  :is (:and Simple-thing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NONDECOMPOSABLE-OBJECT
  :doc-strings
  ("A object that is being regarded as not possessing significant parts, or which"
   "is not to be considered decomposable for present purposes."))

(defconcept Substance
  :is (:and Nondecomposable-Object :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Space Time))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SUBSTANCE
  :doc-strings
  ("E.g., water, grass, flour, butter.  The bounded region for substances is not in the domain"
   "of physical space, since they are in principle indefinitely expandable in space.  Rather,"
   "their bounded region is in the domain of some quality spectrum (taste, color, texture,"
   "solidity, etc.)."))

(defconcept Space
  :is (:and Spatial Substance :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPACE
  :doc-strings
  ("Space as an undecomposable mass."))

(defconcept Time
  :is (:and Temporal Substance :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TIME
  :doc-strings
  ("Time as a general undecomposable substance."))

(defconcept Time-Point
  :is (:and Temporal Nondecomposable-Object :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TIME-POINT
  :doc-strings
  ("A time point."))

(defconcept Zero-D-Time
  :is (:and Time-Point :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ZERO-D-TIME
  :doc-strings
  ("A point in time."))

(defconcept Space-Point
  :is (:and Spatial Nondecomposable-Object :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPACE-POINT
  :doc-strings
  ("Space as a point."))

(defconcept Zero-D-Location
  :is (:and Space-Point :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ZERO-D-LOCATION
  :doc-strings
  ("A point in space."))

(defconcept Conscious-Being
  :is (:and Simple-thing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept CONSCIOUS-BEING
  :doc-strings
  ("An active entity that is capable of producing information"
   "that may be ascribed consciousness; e.g. a person."))

(defconcept Person
  :is (:and Conscious-Being :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Female Male))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PERSON
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of conscious being pronominalizeable by `she', `he', etc. rather than by `it'."))

(defconcept Female
  :is (:and Person :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept FEMALE
  :doc-strings
  ("A object that is to be considered female, for, e.g., pronominalization purposes."))

(defconcept Male
  :is (:and Person :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MALE
  :doc-strings
  ("A object that is to be considered male, for, e.g., pronominalization purposes."))

(defconcept Non-Conscious-Thing
  :is (:and Simple-thing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NON-CONSCIOUS-THING
  :doc-strings
  ("Some entities are just  not treated by the language to be conscious. They go here."))

(defconcept Spatial-Temporal
  :is (:and Non-Conscious-Thing :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Absolute-Spatial-Temporal Relative-Spatial-Temporal)
  :disjoint-covering ( Spatial Temporal))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-TEMPORAL
  :doc-strings
  ("The generalized time-space object, under which all time and space objects lie."))

(defconcept Absolute-Spatial-Temporal
  :is (:and Spatial-Temporal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ABSOLUTE-SPATIAL-TEMPORAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A relationship of spatial-temporal locating that is classified as absolute. Absolute here"
   "refers to a posited property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are"
   "treated by the grammar of English. Absolute spatio-temporal relationships are taken to be"
   "unchanging with respect to the observer. A relative relationship is one that moves with"
   "the observer.  As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still"
   "and allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast"
   "to the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by."))

(defconcept Relative-Spatial-Temporal
  :is (:and Spatial-Temporal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept RELATIVE-SPATIAL-TEMPORAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A relationship of spatial-temporal locating that is classified as relative. Relative here"
   "refers to a posited property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are"
   "treated by the grammar of English. Relative spatio-temporal relationships are taken to"
   "`move along with' an observer. This contrasts with absolute  relationships which do not"
   "accompany the observer. As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not"
   "stand still and allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is"
   "in contrast to the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by."))

(defconcept Spatial
  :is (:and Spatial-Temporal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL
  :doc-strings
  ("The general concept of spatial object, including all points, paths, volumes, undivided"
   "wholes, etc."))

(defconcept Temporal
  :is (:and Spatial-Temporal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL
  :doc-strings
  ("The general concept of temporal object, including all points, paths, volumes, undivided"
   "wholes, etc."))

(defconcept Abstraction
  :is (:and Non-Conscious-Thing :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Natural-Number Word))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Abstraction
  :doc-strings 
  ("Something which exists in metaphorical or qualitative space rather than in"
   "physical space. E.g., truth."))

(defconcept Natural-Number
  :is (:and Abstraction :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NATURAL-NUMBER
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of abstraction referring to numerical value."))

(defconcept Word
  :is (:and Abstraction :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept WORD
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of abstraction for the representation and expression of ideas."))

(defconcept Name
  :is (:and Word :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NAME
  :doc-strings
  ("An accepted but possibly arbitrary label for some entity.")
  :lex-items
  (NAME))

(defconcept Named-Object
  :is (:and Simple-thing :primitive))

;;; This has been only temporarily deleted,
;;; the problem is that the relation "name-of"
;;; is no more reified, it is defined as a concept

;;;	    (:the name-of name)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NAMED-OBJECT
  :doc-strings
  ("ObjectS which typically have names."))

;-------------------------------------------------------------------------
;  QUALITIES
;-------------------------------------------------------------------------

(defconcept Material-World-Quality
  :is (:and Simple-Quality :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Dynamic-Quality Stative-Quality)
  :disjoint-covering (Polar-Quality Taxonomic-Quality)
  :disjoint-covering (Scalable-Quality Nonscalable-Quality))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MATERIAL-WORLD-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Material qualities can be thought of as those qualities which are evident when the"
   "referent is looked at, weighed, measured, etc.  Examples include:  `heavy', `blue',"
   "`American', `readable', `efficient', `maintainable'.  The referents of these qualities"
   "are things."))

(defconcept Dynamic-Quality
  :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept DYNAMIC-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("A quality can be stative or dynamic.  A quality is dynamic if the entity possessing this"
   "quality must exert some effort in order to maintain the quality.  Stative qualities hold"
   "regardless of any particular process.  Dynamic qualities can be expressed using the"
   "present progressive tense, i.e. they can take the form: `X is being <quality>.'"
   "John is being clever/skillful/creative/enthusiastic."
   "Stative qualities cannot take this form:  *John is being dead/German/tall."
   "These can take the simple present only."))

(defconcept Stative-Quality
  :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept STATIVE-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Stative qualities hold regardless of any particular process.  Dynamic qualities can be"
   "expressed using the present progressive tense, i.e. they can take the form:  ``X is being"
   "<quality>.'' ``John is being clever/skillful/creative/enthusiastic.''  Stative qualities"
   "cannot. ``*John is being dead/German/tall.''  These can take the simple present only."))

(defconcept Polar-Quality
  :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept POLAR-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("A quality is polar if it has a corresponding quality describing its opposite or the"
   "absence of this quality entirely.  A polar quality is not part of a larger taxonomy.  E.g."
   "`heavy'/`light', `dead'/`alive'.  All qualities which are not polar are taxonomic, i.e."
   "the possible values can be listed.  For example, the quality of being mammal is part of"
   "some taxonomy."))

(defconcept Taxonomic-Quality
  :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TAXONOMIC-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("All qualities which are not polar are taxonomic, i.e. the possible values can be listed."
   "For example, the quality of being mammal is part of some taxonomy."))

(defconcept Scalable-Quality
  :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SCALABLE-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("A quality"
   "is scaleable if an object may possess it to varying degrees.  For example, `heavy' is a"
   "scaleable quality.  We can describe objects as being `very heavy', or `more' or `less'"
   "heavy than other objects.  A non-scaleable quality is either possessed by an object or it"
   "is not.  `Empty' is a non-scaleable quality.")
  :lex-features
  (DEGREE))

(defconcept Nonscalable-Quality
  :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NONSCALABLE-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("A non-scaleable quality is either possessed by an object or it is not.  `Empty' is a"
   "non-scaleable quality.  A quality is scaleable if an object may possess it to varying"
   "degrees.  For example, `heavy' is a scaleable quality.  We can describe objects as being"
   "`very heavy', or `more' or `less' heavy than other objects.  ")
  :lex-features
  (NONDEGREE))

(defconcept Behavioral-Quality
  :is (:and Scalable-Quality Polar-Quality Dynamic-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept BEHAVIORAL-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Behavioral qualities are qualities which characterize the behavior of a conscious being."))

(defconcept Class-Quality
  :is (:and Nonscalable-Quality Taxonomic-Quality Stative-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept CLASS-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("This category may contain various taxonomies.   For example, the MATERIAL-CLASS-QUALITY"
   "taxonomy describes the quality of being made of a particular material, like wood or metal."))

(defconcept Material-Class-Quality
  :is (:and Class-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MATERIAL-CLASS-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Material-class-quality describes the"
   "quality of being made of a particular material, e.g. wood, metal, etc."))

(defconcept Provenance-Class-Quality
  :is (:and Class-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PROVENANCE-CLASS-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Information that constrains reference by place, institution, social group or other social"
   "category of origin.")
  :lex-features
  (PROVENANCE))
 
(defconcept Evaluative-Quality
  :is (:and Scalable-Quality Polar-Quality Stative-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept EVALUATIVE-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Qualities which belong to this class are determined by some value system of some conscious"
   "being.  Such a value system may be moral, aesthetic, or utilitarian.  Moral qualities"
   "include `honest', `polite', `generous'.  `Beautiful', `neat' are examples of aesthetic"
   "qualities. `Readable', `easy', and `thorough' are some task-oriented qualities."))

(defconcept Sense-And-Measure-Quality
  :is (:and Scalable-Quality Polar-Quality Stative-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SENSE-AND-MEASURE-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Qualities that are sensed or measured by conscious beings. For example, this"
   "category would include qualities of age (young, old), of weight (light, heavy),"
   "price (expensive, cheap), etc."))

(defconcept Age
  :is (:and Sense-And-Measure-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept AGE
  :doc-strings
  ("A sense and measure quality pertaining to the age of an entity.")
  :lex-features
  (AGE))

(defconcept Color
  :is (:and Sense-And-Measure-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept COLOR
  :doc-strings
  ("A sense and measure quality pertaining to color.")
  :lex-features
  (COLOUR))

(defconcept Size
  :is (:and Sense-And-Measure-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SIZE
  :doc-strings
  ("A property of size.")
  :lex-features
  (SIZE))

(defconcept Status-Quality
  :is (:and Nonscalable-Quality Polar-Quality Stative-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept STATUS-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Ascribes a quality to an object, independent of the observer. For example, specializations"
   "of this category could be the quality LIFE-STATUS which would be further broken down into"
   "the classes DEAD and ALIVE."))

(defconcept Logical-Quality
  :is (:and Simple-Quality :primitive))

(defconcept Logical-Uniqueness
  :is (:and Logical-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept LOGICAL-UNIQUENESS
  :lex-items
  (ONLY))

(defconcept Modal-Quality
  :is (:and Simple-Quality :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Volitional Nonvolitional)
  :disjoint-covering (Conditional Nonconditional))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MODAL-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("Qualities of being able to do something, wanting to do something, having to do something,"
   "and so forth."))

(defconcept Volitional
  :is (:and Modal-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept VOLITIONAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A modal quality concerned with the actor's active decision or volition in the performance"
   "of a process; a volitional process is one where the actor takes, or is expressed as "
   "taking, direct responsibility for the process.")
  :lex-features
  (VOLITION)
  :lex-items
  (WILL WOULD))

(defconcept Nonvolitional
  :is (:and Modal-Quality :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Necessity Possibility))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NONVOLITIONAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A modal quality concerned with the actor's active decision or volition in the"
   "performance of a process; a nonvolitional process is one where the actor did"
   "not take, or is not expressed as taking, direct responsibility for the process."))

(defconcept Necessity
  :is (:and Nonvolitional :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NECESSITY
  :doc-strings
  ("An example of a modal quality.")
  :lex-features
  (NECESSITY)
  :lex-items
  (MUST SHOULD))

(defconcept Possibility
  :is (:and Nonvolitional :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Ability General-Possibility))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept POSSIBILITY
  :doc-strings
  ("A general modal quality that has subtypes general possibility (typically expressed by"
   "`may') and ability (typically expressed by `can').")
  :lex-features
  (POSSIBILITY)
  :lex-items
  (CAN COULD MAY MIGHT))

(defconcept Ability
  :is (:and Possibility :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ABILITY
  :doc-strings
  ("A modal qualification of the process, with respect to the ability to perform that"
   "process; typically realized by `can'")
  :lex-items
  (CAN COULD))

(defconcept General-Possibility
  :is (:and Possibility :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept GENERAL-POSSIBILITY
  :doc-strings
  ("A general possibility relationship is a modal modification of a process that indicates"
   "that the process may occur; it is typically realized using the modal `may'.")
  :lex-items
  (MAY MIGHT))

(defconcept Conditional
  :is (:and Modal-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept CONDITIONAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of modal quality. Modal qualities that are not conditional are expressed"
   "with modalities such as: will, must, can, etc.; those that are conditional"
   "are expressed by `would', `might', `could', etc.")
  :lex-items
  (SHOULD WOULD))

(defconcept Nonconditional
  :is (:and Modal-Quality :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NONCONDITIONAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of modal quality. Modal qualities that are not conditional are expressed"
   "with modalities such as: will, must, can, etc.; those that are conditional"
   "are expressed by would, might, could, etc.")
  :lex-items
  (MUST WILL-VOLITION))

;------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
;  RELATIONAL PROCESSES are now being and havings
;-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
(defconcept Being&Having
  :is (:and Configuration :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Existence Relating))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept BEING&HAVING
  :doc-strings
  ("A process that relates its participants rather than describing an action of the part"
   "of one on another.")
  :lex-features
  (RELATIONAL)
  :lex-items
  (BE))

; All being&havinges defined using DEFREIFIED-RELATION should be explicitly
; (or implicitly, via subsumption) placed under |C|BEING&HAVING as well.

(defconcept Existence
  :is (:and Being&having 
            (:at-least 1 existent) :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept EXISTENCE
  :doc-strings
  ("A one-place relation, found, for example, in ``There is a block.'' Note that the notion of"
   "`state' does not come out as a category of special status in the upper model.  Instead,"
   "what we may think of as state is spread out over several concepts, e.g. relations and "
   "qualities.  If considerations of inferencing require the notion of state, it will be"
   "necessary to recognize it as a separate category."))

; #+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Existence :lex-features (existential))
(defrelation existent :is-primitive Participant-In-Configuration)

(defconcept Relating  
  :is (:and Being&having :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering 
  (Generalized-Possession 
;;   Generalized-Possession-Inverse 
    Intensive
    Circumstantial)) 



#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept relating
  :doc-strings
  ("Any relation that holds between two entities."))

;(DEFCONCEPT three-place-relation :PRIMITIVE	
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))
;  (:SPECIALIZES being&having)
;  (:RES place (:NUMBER 3)))

(defconcept Circumstantial
  :is (:and Relating :primitive))

(defconcept Causal 
   :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive))

(defconcept Circumstantial-other
   :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive))

(defconcept Generalized-positioning
  :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive
	    (:exactly 1 carrier)
	    (:exactly 1 attribute)
	    (:all Process-in-configuration circumstance)))

;;; Used to be reified relations
(defrelation carrier
   :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive)
   :range Simple-thing)
;;	     (:all range Simple-thing)))

(defrelation attribute
   :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive)
   :range Circumstance)
;;	     (:all range circumstance)))


;;; INTENSIVE RELATIONS

(defconcept Intensive
  :is (:and Relating :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Ascription Identity Symbolization))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept INTENSIVE
  :doc-strings
  ("Intensive relations are those which ascribe a property to an object, or which identify or"
   "symbolize it.")
  :lex-features
  (INTENSION))

;;; ASCRIPTION RELATIONS

(defconcept Ascription
  :is (:and Intensive :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering (Class-Ascription Property-Ascription Quantity-Ascription))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("This two place relation captures the notion of membership in a set. In general, the domain"
   "(attribuend) will be filled by an object. The range (attribute) role will be a filled by a"
   "quality or by an object. Finer restrictions can be made based on the given attribute."
   "This relation is typically expressed by the verb `be'."))


;; The Inverse of the Ascription Relation
(defconcept Ascription-Inverse 
  :is (:and  Generalized-Possession :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Ascription-Inverse
  :doc-strings
  ("The inverse of the Ascription relation."))

; Class-ascription offers an alternative to the SubC link.
; For example, we may want to say "John is a democrat" without
; making |C|JOHN a SubC of |C|DEMOCRAT.

(defconcept Class-Ascription
  :is (:and Ascription :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept CLASS-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("For this two place relation, both the domain (functioning as `attribute') and the range"
   "(functioning as `attribuend') are restricted to be filled by objects.  This relation"
   "corresponds to the SuperClass notion.  It too is often expressed by the verb `be'.  For"
   "example, ``Henry is a teacher.''")
  :lex-items
  (BE))

(defconcept Property-Ascription
  :is (:and Ascription :primitive)
  :disjoint-covering 
  (Age-Property-Ascription  Color-Property-Ascription Logical-Property-Ascription 
   Material-Property-Ascription Modal-Property-Ascription Provenance-Property-Ascription 
   Size-Property-Ascription Use-Property-Ascription))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("The relation describing membership in the set of entities having a particular property."
   "This is expressed by a property that can be used as a set descriptor. For example, ``The"
   "students are intelligent.'' i.e. they belong to the class of intelligent ones.  Note that"
   "'intelligent' is a quality.  We need many specializations of property ascription"
   "corresponding to different types of qualities.")
  :lex-items
  (BE))

;; The inverse of the "Property-Ascription" relation
(defconcept Property-Of 
  :is (:and  Ascription-Inverse :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Property-Of
  :doc-strings
  ("The inverse of the Property-Ascription relation."))

(defconcept Logical-Property-Ascription
  :is (:and Property-Ascription :primitive))

;;            (:domain Process)
;;            (:range Logical-Quality)))

(defconcept Modal-Property-Ascription
  :is (:and Property-Ascription :primitive))

;;            (:domain Process)
;;            (:range Modal-Quality)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MODAL-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("The ascription of a modal quality, typically to a process."))

(defconcept Age-Property-Ascription
  :is (:and Property-Ascription :primitive))

;;            (:range Age)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept AGE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("The type of ascription of property that ascribes a quality of age to an object."))

(defconcept Color-Property-Ascription
  :is (:and Property-Ascription :primitive))

;;            (:range Color)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept COLOR-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("The type of ascription of property that ascribes a quality of color to an object."))

(defconcept Material-Property-Ascription
  :is (:and Property-Ascription :primitive))

;;            (:range Material-Class-Quality)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MATERIAL-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("The general ascription of a material world quality."))

(defconcept Provenance-Property-Ascription
  :is (:and Property-Ascription :primitive))

;;            (:range Provenance-Class-Quality)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PROVENANCE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("The relation of ascribing a provenance class quality to an entity."))

(defconcept Size-Property-Ascription
  :is (:and Property-Ascription :primitive))

;;            (:range Size)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SIZE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("The relationship of ascribing a size to an entity."))

(defconcept Use-Property-Ascription
  :is (:and Property-Ascription
            :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept USE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("The relationship of ascribing a use to an entity."))

;(DEFCONCEPT scaled-comparison 
;  (:SPECIALIZES property-ascription)
;  (:RES attribuend (:NUMBER 1))
;  (:RES compare-quality (:VR scalable-quality) (:NUMBER 1))
;  (:RES standard (:NUMBER 1))
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))) 

(defconcept Scaled-Comparison
  :is (:and Property-Ascription :primitive))

;;            (:range Property-Ascription)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SCALED-COMPARISON
  :doc-strings
  ("A relationship of comparison of an object with respect to its carrying a specified"
   "property to a greater or lesser degree."))


;;; Used to be reified-relations

(defrelation Attribuend
  :is (:and Participant-In-Configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ATTRIBUEND
  :doc-strings
  ("The participant in a scaled comparison whose possession of a quality is being compared."))

(defrelation Compare-Quality
  :is (:and Participant-In-Configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept COMPARE-QUALITY
  :doc-strings
  ("The slot in a scaled comparison that contains that quality with respect"
   "to which an object (the attribuend) is being compared."))

(defrelation Standard
  :is (:and Participant-In-Configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept STANDARD
  :doc-strings
  ("The standard against which comparison is drawn in a scaled comparison."))

(defconcept Greater-Than-Comparison
  :is (:and Scaled-Comparison :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept GREATER-THAN-COMPARISON
  :doc-strings
  ("The scaled comparison that compares by stating that a quality holds more rather than less."))

(defrelation Greater
  :is  (:and Attribuend :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept GREATER
  :doc-strings
  ("A direction of comparison in a scaled comparison: here, the quality with respect to which"
   "comparison proceeds holds more rather than less.")
  :lex-items
  (MORE))

(defconcept Less-Than-Comparison
  :is (:and Scaled-Comparison :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept LESS-THAN-COMPARISON
  :doc-strings
  ("The scaled comparison that compares by stating that a quality holds less rather than more."))

(defrelation Lesser
  :is  (:and Attribuend :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept LESSER
  :doc-strings
  ("A direction of comparison in a scaled comparison: here the quality with respect to which"
   "comparison proceeds holds less rather than more.")
  :lex-items
  (LESS))

(defconcept Quantity-Ascription
  :is (:and Ascription :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept QUANTITY-ASCRIPTION
  :doc-strings
  ("The relation of ascribing a quantity to an entity."))

(defconcept Quantity
  :is (:and Quantity-Ascription :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept QUANTITY
  :doc-strings
  ("The relation of ascribing a quantity to some entity. This is a"
   "a type of quantity-ascription and contrasts with number-focusing, which provides"
   "information additional to the value of the quantity being ascribed, e.g. a range"
   "bounded by some value."))

(defconcept Number-Focusing
  :is (:and Quantity-Ascription :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NUMBER-FOCUSING
  :doc-strings
  ("The relation of being more specific about a quantity that is being ascribed."
   "This is a type of quantity-ascription and contrasts with quantity, which provides"
   "no additional information concerning the quantity apart from its value."))

(defconcept At-Least
  :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept AT-LEAST
  :doc-strings
  ("An ascription of relative quantity that puts a lower bound on the quantity ascribed.")
  :lex-items
  (AT-LEAST))

(defconcept At-Most
  :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept AT-MOST
  :doc-strings
  ("An ascription of relative quantity that puts an upper bound on the quantity ascribed.")
  :lex-items
  (AT-MOST))

(defconcept Exactly
  :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept EXACTLY
  :doc-strings
  ("A relation of focusing or restricting an attribution of quantity.")
  :lex-items
  (EXACTLY))

(defconcept Greater-Than
  :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept GREATER-THAN
  :doc-strings
  ("A relative quantity ascription that specifies a range beginning at some lower bound.")
  :lex-items
  (GREATER-THAN))

(defconcept Less-Than
  :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept LESS-THAN
  :doc-strings
  ("A relative quantity ascription with respect to a higher bound.")
  :lex-items
  (LESS-THAN))

;;; IDENTITY RELATIONS

(defconcept Identity
  :is (:and Intensive :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept IDENTITY
  :doc-strings
  ("The type of relation between entities that states that they are in some sense identical or"
   "overlap.  Sentences typical of this type of relation are `X is a Y', or `X is mine'.")
  :lex-items
  (BE))

;;; SYMBOLIZATION RELATIONS

(defconcept Symbolization
  :is (:and Intensive :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SYMBOLIZATION
  :doc-strings
  ("This category contains relations that hold between entities and other entities they"
   "`symbolize'.   Concepts in this class logically have two roles:  SYMBOL (the domain) and"
   "SYMBOLIZED (the range). One relation in this category is the relation between an object"
   "and a name which identifies that object."))

(defconcept Name-Relation
  :is (:and Symbolization :primitive))

;;            (:domain Name)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NAME-RELATION
  :doc-strings
  ("The relation that holds between a name's bearer and that name.")
  :lex-items
  (NAME-VERB))

(defconcept Role-Playing
  :is (:and Symbolization :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ROLE-PLAYING
  :doc-strings
  ("A circumstantial relationship that expresses a restriction of which facet of one of the"
   "participants in a process is relevant for the actualization of the process.  The"
   "participation of a participant which is specified in, and has a definite participant"
   "function (such as actor, goal, senser, and phenomenon to the process) is restricted to a"
   "particular role, part, or function within the particular participant function being"
   "performed. It is frequently realized in English by a prepositional phrase with the"
   "preposition `as'; for example: As a president, he was terrible, although as a golfer he"
   "was not too bad.")
  :lex-features
  (ROLE)
  :lex-items
  (AS))

;;; CIRCUMSTANTIAL RELATIONS now are now under the kinds of *processes*
;;; that function as the process of generalized-positionings.
;   ------------------------
; Concepts in this category can be expressed as:  "be" + preposition.
; The choice of preposition depends on the particular subcategory
; the relation belongs to. 
;
; Circumstantials can serve two functions: 
;  (i) they appear under the kinds of *processes* that
;      typically may appear in a configuration, supporting
;      the "be+" configurations and others
;  (ii) they subclassify the kinds of relationships that can themselves be specified
;       between a configuration and a circumstance

;;; (defreified-relation Circumstance
;;;  :is (:and (:relation Circumstance-In-Configuration)
;;;            (:concept Participant)  :primitive)
;;;  :constraints (:all domain (:or Configuration Simple-thing)))
;;;  :constraints (:all range circumstance)) 

(defrelation Accompaniment
  :is (:and Circumstance-In-Configuration :primitive
            (:range Simple-thing)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ACCOMPANIMENT
  :doc-strings
  ("This relation holds between objects which participate jointly in some process.  "
   "Accompaniment may be expressed as: <independent-argument> `be with' <dependent-argument>;"
   "or by a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition `with' as in: <independent-"
   "argument> ... `with' <dependent-argument>.  Note that it is not necessary for both of the"
   "participants to be aware of the participation.  Thus both of the following sentences are"
   "examples of this relation: (1) John went for a walk with Mary. (2) John went for a walk"
   "with his umbrella.  The relation also allows for variation in both a positive and negative"
   "direction.  For example, `without' is also a type of accompaniment, albeit negative, as is"
   "`instead of', which is an accompaniment of alternative.")
  :lex-features
  (ACCOMPANIMENT))

(defrelation Additive
  :is (:and Accompaniment :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ADDITIVE
  :doc-strings
  ("One type of accompaniment that may holds between objects which participate jointly in some"
   "process.  This form of accompaniment states that the accompaniment is positive and actual;"
   "it may be expressed by a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition `as well as'"
   "as in: <independent-argument> ... `as well as' <dependent-argument>.  The following"
   "sentences is an example of this relation: John went for a walk with Mary as well as Joan.")
  :lex-items
  (ASWELLAS))

(defrelation Alternative
  :is (:and Accompaniment :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ALTERNATIVE
  :doc-strings
  ("One type of accompaniment that may holds between objects which participate jointly in some"
   "process.  This form of accompaniment states that the accompaniment is positive but"
   "replacing; i.e., that some object participated in a process or state as an alternative to"
   "some other.  It may be expressed as a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition"
   "`instead'. as in: <independent-argument> ... `with' <dependent-argument>.  Note that it is"
   "not necessary for both of the participants to be aware of the participation.  Thus both of"
   "the following sentences are examples of this relation: (1) John went for a walk with Joan"
   "instead of Mary. (2) John went for a walk with his blue shoes instead of his white ones.")
  :lex-items
  (INSTEADOF))

(defrelation Exclusive
  :is (:and Accompaniment :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept EXCLUSIVE
  :doc-strings
  ("A subtype of accompaniment that picks out the negative nature of  accompaniment;"
   "an exclusive accompaniment indicates that accompaniment occured at the expense of,"
   "or instead of some entity that did not accompany.")
  :lex-items
  (WITHOUT))

(defrelation Inclusive
  :is (:and Accompaniment :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept INCLUSIVE
  :doc-strings
  ("A subtype of accompaniment that picks out the positive nature of  accompaniment;"
   "an exclusive accompaniment indicates that accompaniment occured in addition to"
   "some other entity that accompanies.")
  :lex-items
  (WITH))

(defrelation Comparison
  :is (:and Circumstance-In-Configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept COMPARISON
  :doc-strings
  ("This category encompasses relations which indicate how similar or dissimilar two entities"
   "are.  One subcategory is so-far discriminated:  SIMILARITY.  Difference could be presented"
   "as a further subtype, and equality could be a further specialization of similarity. Verbs"
   "articulated by this category include:  `resemble', `differ from', `be similar to', `be"
   "different than', `be like', `match', `fit', etc.  A grammatical characteristic of entities"
   "in this category is that they are symmetric, i.e. subject and object can be interchanged"
   "without passivization. Note however, that the passive form is still possible. For example,"
   "`` Henry resembles Joan. Joan resembles Henry. Joan is resembled by Henry.''"))

;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION difference-relation :PRIMITIVE
;  (:SPECIALIZES comparison)
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)))

(defrelation Similarity
  :is (:and Comparison :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SIMILARITY
  :doc-strings
  ("A sub-type of the comparison relationship that picks out positive comparison."))

(defrelation Difference
  :is (:and Comparison :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept DIFFERENCE
  :doc-strings
  ("A sub-type of the comparison relationship that picks out negative comparison."))

;;; EXTENDED PARTICIPANT RELATIONS

(defrelation Generalized-Means
  :is (:and Circumstance-In-Configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept GENERALIZED-MEANS
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of participant which can be agentive, manner, instrumental, or comparison."
   "It is a generalized notion that refers to the abstract concept of the means for"
   "actualizing some process."))

(defrelation Agentive
  :is (:and Generalized-Means  Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept AGENTIVE
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of participant and  generalized-means that captures the notion"
   "of causal responsibility for a process' perfomance."))

(defrelation Enablement
  :is (:and Generalized-Means :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ENABLEMENT
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of generalized means; this relation refers to a possible enabling"
   "relationship between the actualization of some process or state of affairs"
   "and an entity, state of affairs, or other process."))

(defrelation Instrumental
  :is (:and Generalized-Means :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept INSTRUMENTAL
  :doc-strings
  ("Instrument is typically expressed as:  `<verb> + with'  where <verb> cannot be `be'."))

(defrelation Manner
  :is (:and Generalized-Means :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MANNER
  :doc-strings
  ("A circumstantial role of a process that describes the manner in which the process'"
   "actualization is achieved. Commonly realized by adverbs in English, although there"
   "are other possibilities also.")
  :lex-features
  (MANNER))

(defrelation Subject-Matter
  :is (:and Circumstance-In-Configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SUBJECT-MATTER
  :doc-strings
  ("Expressed as:  be about, as in: ``This document is about the"
   "entity hierarchy.''")
  :lex-features
  (MATTER))

(defrelation Ordering-Relation
  :is (:and Circumstance-In-Configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ORDERING-RELATION
  :doc-strings
  ("The general relationship that holds between the parts of an ordered object."))

;;;  CAUSAL RELATIONS

(defrelation Causal-Relation
  :is (:and Circumstance-In-Configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept CAUSAL-RELATION
  :doc-strings
  ("Causal-relation logically has two roles:  cause (the domain) and effect (the range).  At"
   "this most general level, causality may be expressed as:  <effect> `because' <cause>, or" 
   "<cause> `cause' <effect>.")
  :lex-features
  (CAUSE))

(defrelation Cause-Effect
  :is (:and Causal-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept CAUSE-EFFECT
  :doc-strings
  ("This captures the relationship of one thing being the cause of another, the effect."))

(defrelation Concessive
  :is (:and Causal-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept CONCESSIVE
  :doc-strings
  ("One type of generalized causation relationship."
   "This relation states that something process occured despite some other event or state"
   "of affairs holding. It is typically realized in English by the preposition `despite'"
   "therefore."))

(defrelation Condition 
  :is (:and Reason :primitive))
;  Need concept annotation 

(defrelation Purpose
  :is (:and Causal-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PURPOSE
  :doc-strings
  ("PURPOSES capture the notion of why something was done.  They may be motivational as with"
   "`reasons' but look forward rather than back."))

(defrelation Reason
  :is (:and Causal-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept REASON
  :doc-strings
  ("REASON captures the notion of motivation.  Here the effect is volitional or intentional."
   "This relation is expressed by terms such as:  `since', `because'. Examples include: "
   "``Henry went to the store because he needed milk.'' and ``since it was raining, Henry"
   "brought his umbrella.''")
  :lex-features
  (REASON))

;;;  SPATIO-TEMPORAL RELATIONS

(defrelation Spatio-Temporal
  :is (:and Circumstance-In-Configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPATIO-TEMPORAL
  :doc-strings
  ("This describes the relation of two entites in space or time.  Further specializations"
   "include TEMPORAL-RELATION and SPATIAL-RELATION."))

(defrelation Spatial-Relation
  :is (:and Spatio-Temporal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-RELATION
  :doc-strings
  ("SPATIAL RELATION is expressed as `be' <at, in, on, under, above, below, etc.>."
   "This category  is further subdivided to choose the appropriate preposition."))

(defrelation Temporal-Relation
  :is (:and Spatio-Temporal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-RELATION
  :doc-strings
  ("TEMPORAL-RELATION is often expressed using `be at'.  It may also be expressed"
   "as a prepositional phrase beginning with a preposition such as `before'"
   "or `after'. Further discriminations select between these possibilities."))

(defrelation Extent
  :is (:and Spatio-Temporal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept EXTENT
  :doc-strings
  ("A spatio-temporal relation of specifying the time that a state of affairs or process"
   "holds (e.g. `for 5 years'), or the extent in space taken (e.g. `across the bridge',"
   "`along the road').")
  :lex-features
  (EXTENT))

(defrelation Absolute-Extent
  :is (:and Extent :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ABSOLUTE-EXTENT
  :doc-strings
  ("A relationship of extent that is classified as absolute. Absolute here refers to a posited"
   "property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are treated by the"
   "grammar of English. Absolute spatio-temporal relationships are taken to be unchanging with"
   "respect to the observer. A relative relationship is one that moves with the observer.  As"
   "an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still and allow the"
   "observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast to the notion"
   "of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by.")
  :lex-items
  (FOR))

(defrelation Relative-Extent
  :is (:and Extent :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept RELATIVE-EXTENT
  :doc-strings
  ("A relationship of extent that is classified as relative. Relative here refers to a posited"
   "property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are treated by the"
   "grammar of English. Relative spatio-temporal relationships are taken to `move along with'"
   "an observer. This contrasts with absolute  relationships which do not accompany the"
   "observer. As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still and"
   "allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast to"
   "the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by."))

(defrelation Spatial-Extent
  :is (:and Extent Spatial-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-EXTENT
  :doc-strings
  ("The relationship of a process or object to a path or interval in space."))

;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION absolute-spatial-extent :PRIMITIVE
;  (:SPECIALIZES absolute-extent spatial-extent)
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)))

;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION relative-spatial-extent :PRIMITIVE
;  (:SPECIALIZES relative-extent spatial-extent)
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)))

(defrelation Nonparallel-Extent
  :is (:and Spatial-Extent Relative-Extent :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NONPARALLEL-EXTENT
  :doc-strings
  ("A spatial locating that distinguishes the dimension of the extent relative to a direction"
   "of movement; this distinguishes `across' (nonparallel) type extents from `along' "
   "(parallel) type extents.")
  :lex-items
  (ACROSS))

(defrelation Parallel-Extent
  :is (:and Spatial-Extent Relative-Extent :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PARALLEL-EXTENT
  :doc-strings
  ("A spatial locating that distinguishes the dimension of the extent relative to a direction"
   "of movement; this distinguishes `across' (nonparallel) type extents from `along' "
   "(parallel) type extents.")
  :lex-items
  (ALONG))

(defrelation Temporal-Extent
  :is (:and Extent Temporal-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-EXTENT
  :doc-strings
  ("The relationship of a process or object to a path or interval in time."))

;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION absolute-temporal-extent :PRIMITIVE
;  (:SPECIALIZES absolute-extent temporal-extent)
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)))

;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION relative-temporal-extent :PRIMITIVE
;  (:SPECIALIZES relative-extent temporal-extent)
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)))

(defrelation Exhaustive-Duration
  :is (:and Temporal-Extent Relative-Extent :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept EXHAUSTIVE-DURATION
  :doc-strings
  ("An exhaustive duration is a relation which specifies that the process or state"
   "participating in the relation is one which holds for the entire extent of the"
   "temporal interval participating in the relation. It is typically realized in"
   "English by the preposition `during'.")
  :lex-items
  (DURING))

(defrelation Nonexhaustive-Duration
  :is (:and Temporal-Extent Relative-Extent :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NONEXHAUSTIVE-DURATION
  :doc-strings
  ("An nonexhaustive duration is a relation which specifies that the process or state"
   "participating in the relation is one which does not hold for the entire extent of the"
   "temporal interval participating in the relation. It is typically realized in"
   "English by the preposition `in'.")
  :lex-items
  (IN))

(defrelation Locating
  :is (:and Spatio-Temporal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept LOCATING
  :doc-strings
  ("The relation of locating an entity in time or space.")
  :lex-items
  (LOCATION))

(defrelation Spatial-Locating
  :is (:and Locating Spatial-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-LOCATING
  :doc-strings
  ("The relationship between an object or process and its location in space."))

(defrelation Static-Spatial
  :is (:and Spatial-Locating :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept STATIC-SPATIAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A sub-type of spatial locating relations that do not include any element of movement"
   "with respect to the location specified."))

(defrelation Source-Destination
  :is (:and Spatial-Locating :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SOURCE-DESTINATION
  :doc-strings
  ("The general relationship between a (possibly abstract) motion and the place from where it"
   "is coming or to where it is going."))

(defrelation Destination
  :is (:and Source-Destination :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Destination :lex-items (to towards))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept DESTINATION
  :doc-strings
  ("In a process of (possibly abstract) motion, the relation between the process and the place"
   "to which the motion is heading.")
  :lex-items
  (TO :TOWARDS))

(defrelation Source
  :is (:and Source-Destination :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SOURCE
  :doc-strings
  ("In a process of (possibly abstract) motion, the relation between the process and the place"
   "from which the motion is coming.")
  :lex-items
  (FROM AWAY-FROM))

(defrelation Orienting
  :is (:and Spatial-Locating :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ORIENTING
  :doc-strings
  ("A relationship of spatial locating thatincludes a specification relative to some"
   "dimension or orientation axis; e.g. with respect to a vertical plane, in front vs."
   "behind, or with respect to a horizontal plane, above vs. below."))

(defrelation Spatial-Ordering
  :is (:and Static-Spatial Orienting Ordering-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-ORDERING
  :doc-strings
  ("The ordering relation that can hold between points or intervals in space."))

(defrelation Horizontal
  :is (:and Spatial-Ordering :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept HORIZONTAL
  :doc-strings
  ("The general relation of spatial locating that determines whether there is an orientation"
   "to some dimension being expressed. Horizontal naturally refers to the orientation of the"
   "plane relative to which location is to be expressed. It constrasts with vertical and is a"
   "subtype of orienting."))

(defrelation Behind
  :is (:and Horizontal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept BEHIND
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a vertical plane.")
  :lex-items
  (BEHIND))

(defrelation Facing
  :is (:and Horizontal :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept FACING
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a vertical plane."
   "It is typically realized in English by the preposition `in front of'."))

(defrelation Vertical
  :is (:and Spatial-Ordering :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept VERTICAL
  :doc-strings
  ("The general relation of spatial locating that determines whether there is an orientation"
   "to some dimension being expressed.  Vertical naturally refers to the orientation of the"
   "plane relative to which location is to be expressed. It constrasts with horizontal and is"
   "a subtype of orienting."))

(defrelation Above
  :is (:and Vertical :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ABOVE
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a horizontal plane.")
  :lex-items
  (ABOVE))

(defrelation Below
  :is (:and Vertical :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept BELOW
  :doc-strings
  ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a horizontal plane.")
  :lex-items
  (BELOW))

(defrelation Nonorienting
  :is (:and Spatial-Locating :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NONORIENTING
  :doc-strings
  ("A relationship of spatial locating that does not include a specification relative to some"
   "dimension or orientation axis; e.g. with respect to a vertical plane, in front vs."
   "behind, or with respect to a horizontal plane, above vs. below. Nonorienting locations"
   "are concerned with reference points, lines, and volumes.")
  :lex-items
  (AT IN ON))

(defrelation Temporal-Locating
  :is (:and Locating Temporal-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-LOCATING
  :doc-strings
  ("The relationship between an object or process and its location in time."))

(defrelation Temporal-Ordering
  :is (:and Temporal-Locating Ordering-Relation :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-ORDERING
  :doc-strings
  ("The ordering relation that can hold between points or intervals in time."))

(defrelation Extremal
  :is (:and Temporal-Ordering :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept EXTREMAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A relation of temporal locating that explicitly orients to the end point of an interval;"
   "this establishes contrasts such as `until' (extremal) vs. `before' (nonextremal), and"
   "`since' (extremal) vs. `after' (nonextremal).")
  :lex-items
  (UNTIL SINCE))

(defrelation Nonextremal
  :is (:and Temporal-Ordering :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NONEXTREMAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A relationship of temporal locating that is not oriented to the end points of an interval;"
   "examples of this distinction are: `until' (extremal) vs. `before' (nonextremal), and"
   "`since' (extremal) vs. `after' (nonextremal).")
  :lex-items
  (AFTER BEFORE))

(defrelation Posterior
  :is (:and Temporal-Ordering :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept POSTERIOR
  :doc-strings
  ("A relation between intervals that specifies their order in time.  A type of temporal"
   "locating, a circumstantial (somewhere under relational process) with range of a time"
   "interval and a commented out domain of a process. Here one interval is said to follow"
   "another.")
  :lex-items
  (AFTER SINCE))

(defrelation Anterior
  :is (:and Temporal-Ordering :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept ANTERIOR
  :doc-strings
  ("A relation between intervals that specifies their order in time.  A type of temporal"
   "locating, a spatio-temporal circumstantial.  Here one interval is said to be prior to"
   "another.")
  :lex-items
  (UNTIL BEFORE))

(defrelation Precede
  :is (:and Nonextremal Anterior :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PRECEDE
  :doc-strings
  ("A temporal relationship of strict precedence; it is therefore anterior and nonextremal."
   "It is used particularly in tense reasoning by the grammar.")
  :lex-items
  (BEFORE))

(defrelation Follow
  :is (:and Nonextremal Posterior :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept FOLLOW
  :doc-strings
  ("A temporal relationship of strict precedence; it is therefore posterior and nonextremal."
   "It is an inverse to the precede relation that is used in tense reasoning by the grammar.")
  :lex-items
  (AFTER))

(defrelation Temporal-Nonordering
  :is (:and Temporal-Locating :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-NONORDERING
  :doc-strings
  ("A class of temporal relations that do not impose any ordering on the points or intervals"
   "they hold over. Examples of these would typically be realized in English by the"
   "prepositions `in', `at', `on', etc.")
  :lex-items
  (AT IN ON))

;;; GENERALIZED POSSESSION

(defconcept Generalized-Possession
  :is (:and Relating :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept GENERALIZED-POSSESSION
  :doc-strings
  ("Generalized-possession logically has two roles:  POSSESSOR (the domain) and POSSESSED (the"
   "range).  The notion of generalized possession is often expressed as: <possessor> `has'"
   "<possessed>.  In general, relations in this category can also be expressed with a"
   "possessive form, e.g. `John's book', `Henry's sister'.")
  :lex-features
  (POSSESSION)
  :lex-items
  (HAVE-POSSESSION))

;;; The inverse og "Generalized-Possession" relation
;; (defconcept Generalized-Possession-Inverse 
;;  :is (:and Relating :primitive))

;;#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Generalized-Possession-Inverse
;;  :doc-strings
;;  ("The inverse of the Generalized-Possession relation."))

(defconcept Generalized-Role-Relation
  :is (:and Generalized-Possession :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Generalized-Role-Relation
  :doc-strings
  ("The  generalized perspective on an entity that `has some relationship' with another.  When"
   "no more specific information concerning  available  grammatical  realizations  is  given,"
   "subtypes (<role>) of this relationship can be used to generate language of the form: "
   "``<domain> has <range> as <role>'' or ``<domain>'s <role> is <range>''.")
  :lex-features
  (POSSESSION)
  :lex-items
  (HAVE-POSSESSION))

(defconcept Name-Of
  :is (:and Generalized-Possession :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept NAME-OF
  :doc-strings
  ("The relation that holds betwen a name and its bearer."))
     
(defconcept Ownership
  :is (:and Generalized-Possession :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept OWNERSHIP
  :doc-strings
  ("This is a relation between the owner of an object and the object. This is a specialization"
   "of generalized-possession.  It has the same roles as generalized-possession, but the"
   "possessor role could be value-restricted to ACTIVE-ENTITY.  Ownership may be expressed as"
   "``<possessor> `own' <possessed>''  or ``<possessed> `belongs to' <possessor>''. "))


;; The inverse of the "Ownership" relation 
;;(defconcept Owned-By
;;  :is (:and  Generalized-Possession-Inverse :primitive))

;;#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Owned-By
;;  :doc-strings
;;  ("The inverse of the Ownership relation."))

(defconcept Part-Whole
  :is (:and Generalized-Possession :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PART-WHOLE
  :doc-strings
  ("This is a relation between an entity and its parts.  It logically has two roles:"
   "WHOLE (the domain) and PART (the range). How this relation is expressed in the"
   "language seems to depend on the type of object that fills the WHOLE role."
   "At the most general level, this relation can be expressed as:"
   "``<Part> `be an element of' <whole>'' or ``<part> `be a component of' <whole>''."))

(defconcept Part
  :is (:and Part-Whole :primitive))

;;            (:domain Decomposable-Object)
;;            (:range Simple-thing)))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept PART
  :doc-strings
  ("One of the participants in a part-whole relation.")
  :lex-items (PART-NOMINALIZATION-COUNTABLE PART-NOMINALIZATION-UNCOUNTABLE PART))

;; The inverse of the "Part" relation
;;(defconcept Part-Of 
;;  :is (:and  Generalized-Possession-Inverse :primitive))

;;#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept Part-Of
;;  :doc-strings
;;  ("The inverse of the Part relation.")
;;  :lex-items (PART-NOMINALIZATION-COUNTABLE PART-NOMINALIZATION-UNCOUNTABLE PART BE))

;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION process-result :PRIMITIVE		
;  (:SPECIALIZES generalized-possession)
;  (:DOMAIN process)
;  (:RANGE Simple-thing)
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)))

;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION social-association :PRIMITIVE
;  (:SPECIALIZES generalized-possession)
;  (:DOMAIN conscious-being)
;  (:RANGE conscious-being)
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)))

;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION structured-association :PRIMITIVE
;  (:SPECIALIZES generalized-possession)
;  (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)))


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Add some color to this interpretation of reality...
;; quoted for the sake of the UM document

;; (defconcept raining
;;  :is (:and Ambient-Process :primitive))
;; (defconcept winding
;;  :is (:and Ambient-Process :primitive))
;;(defconcept sunning
;;   :is (:and Ambient-Process :primitive))
;;(defconcept hailing
;;  :is (:and Ambient-Process :primitive))
;;(defconcept snowing
;;  :is (:and Ambient-Process :primitive))

;;***************************************************
;;
;; Addition to the Penman UM by Renate Henschel
;; This additions were suggested in order to allow 
;; the use of the same UM for the generation of both 
;; English and German. Anyway the concepts/relations
;; here contained are *not* language-specific. They
;; are valid also for English.
;;
;;  Notice that the concept "Nondirected-Doing"
;;  replaces the concept "Nonmotion-Happenings"
;;  therefore either you use this additions or
;;  you restore that concept (which was used 
;;  also in the definition of "Motion-Process")
;;
;;***************************************************

(defconcept Nondirected-Doing
   :is-primitive Nondirected-Action)

(defconcept Nondirected-Happening
   :is-primitive Nondirected-Action)

(defrelation Meta-Message
   :is-primitive Saying)

(defrelation Nonmeta-Message
   :is-primitive Saying)

(defrelation Prompt 
   :is-primitive Participant-In-Configuration)

(defrelation Third-Party-Agent
   :is-primitive Participant-In-Configuration)

;; (defreified-relation Two-Place-Relation
;;   :is (:and (:concept Relational-Process) :primitive)
;;   :constraints (:at-least 1 Domain)
;;   :costraints (:at-least 1 Range)
;;   :costraints (:at-least 1 Third-Party-Agent))

;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;
;  
;    "UTILITY" concepts and relations--not part of the Upper Model.
;  
;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;

(defconcept spl-consumed :is :primitive)
(defrelation doc-strings :is :primitive)
(defrelation lex-features :is :primitive)
(defrelation lex-items :is :primitive)
(defconcept identifiable :is :primitive)


;;;;;;;; Things to have a look at ...


(defrelation Material
  :is (:and Participant-in-configuration :primitive))

#+kpml(penman::annotate-concept MATERIAL
  :doc-strings
  ("A participant role that carries information about the material from which an entity is"
   "constructed."))