license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ GUM 3 spatial extension. The Generalized Upper Model 3.0 (GUM 3.0) is a linguistically motivated ontology, which aims primarily to mediate between natural language and application components. It is based on the semantic perspective of natural language as described in Halliday and Matthiessen [1999]. Therefore the concepts of the GUM ontology are influenced strongly by the lexicogrammar of natural language and they are applicable in arbitrary domains. The complete model and all of its concepts and principles are described in detail in Bateman et al. [2006a], its underlying experimental linguistic results and language analysis are documented in Bateman et al. [2006b]. Currently, the Generalized Upper Model 3.0 is represented in OWL DL. 1.1, 13 Oct 2008 This is the spatial module of GUM 3.0 which extends "GUM-3.owl" with spatial notions. developers: University of Bremen, SFB/TR8 Spatial Cognition, I1-[OntoSpace] http://www.ontospace.uni-bremen.de The destination of a DirectedMotion, defines where the motion ends. A relation indicating directedness towards a place in a spatial locating or other non-abstract configuration. This is the relation holding between a GeneralizedLocation and a SpatialModality. It defines the spatio-functional relation of a GeneralizedLocation. The object which is located in space in a spatial locating configuration. DirectedMotion and OrientationChange configurations can specify the direction that gives information about the re-orientation of the motion. nextPathIndication represents a composition of GeneralizedPathLocations, that forms a path out of a series of single pathIndications. It defines the successor of one GeneralizedPathLocation, which is again a GeneralizedPathLocation. This concept represents a composition of GeneralizedPathLocations, that forms a path out of a series of single paths. DirectedMotion and OrientationChange configurations can specify the direction that gives information about the orientation. a route that defines the path of an orientation of the actor. A pathIndication of a directed motion, defines a certain SpatialLocating which is indicating the path of the motion. A pathPlacement is used for a description of paths within a DirectedMotion configuration. GeneralizedRoutes can have pathPlacements, which are filled by GeneralizedPathLocations. A relation indicating the placement in a spatial locating or other non-abstract configuration. A qualitativeAngle, e.g. "turn a bit around". A qualitative distance extent, e.g. "go forward a bit". A relationship of extent that is classified as qualitative. Qualitative here refers to a posited property of spatial relationships concerning how they are treated by the grammar of a language. A quantitative angle extent, e.g.: "turn 180 degrees". A quantitative distance extent, e.g. "move forward 10 meters". A relationship of extent that is classified as quantitative. Quantitative here refers to a posited property of spatial relationships concerning how they are treated by the grammar of English. Absolute spatial relationships are taken to be unchanging with respect to the observer. This encodes the reference object in spatial locatings, and holds between a place and a spatial object. route can be part of a DirectdMotion configuration and it is filled by a GeneralizedRoute. The source of a motion process, defines where the motion starts. A spatio relation of specifying the extent in space taken (e.g. `for five miles'). accessibility of the locatum/actor/actee to the reference object (values: high or low). This relation gives additional information about the relation between two entities. It describes their distance by implying an extreme position. Ex.:"Go to the blue bowl closest to me". This relation describes an extreme position referring to distance, axis, etc. This relation gives additional information about the position on an axis of an entity. Ex.: ``It is the furthest left one''. a reciprocal relationship between entities. In its spatial meaning, there exist a reciprocal relation between the locatum/actor/actee and the relatum. They are often equal, e.g. "They are beside each other". A projective relation referring to a position above. The external vertical relation indicating that the locatum is higher on the vertical axis than the relatum. The internal vertical relation indicating that the locatum is higher on the vertical axis than the relatum. The reified functional relation holding between two spatial objects x and y, such that y is physically accessbile from x for some purpose as intended by an agent. 1 1 Affecting motion that includes either a source, path, destination, or pathIndication or it includes a direction (in which the GeneralizedLocation does not define a relatum). A type of affecting directed action defined by a motion verb, e.g. "He moves it". 1 1 A change in orientation of an actee. Example: 'He turns it left', here the spatial change is defined by an orientationDirection. Otherwise a route can be defined with this category, i.e. 'He turns it from the window to the door'. 1 AffectingOrienting describes a spatial configuration by using orientation information on an actee. It needs a direction. 0 0 An affecting spatial action that does not include a destination, but may include a location where the motion takes place. Example: 'He shakes it'. A spatial action, in which an actee is affected. In general, a placement where the action takes place may be specified Locations, which are defined by arc information, such as "the chair is at *three o'clock*". A projective relation referring to the back side. The external frontal relation indicating that the locatum is in the half plane closest to its back, e.g., 'behind' or 'in back of'. The internal frontal relation indicating that the locatum is in the half plane closest to its back, e.g., 'behind' or 'in back of'. A projective relation referring to a position below. The external vertical relation indicating that the locatum is lower on the vertical axis than the relatum. The internal vertical relation indicating that the locatum is lower on the vertical axis than the relatum. Directional Relation that is expressed by a cardinatlity, such as North, East, South, West. A spatial relationship which is described by a central part of the relatum. Ex. "in the middle of" The topological relation of connection, or contact, holding between any two spatial entities whose surfaces (or internal parts) have physical contact. Examples of such are "touching her sister's arm" or "Er lehnt sich an die Mauer". The reified functional relation holding between two spatial objects x and y, such that x functionally contains y; x need not spatially contain y. An example of an expression falling into this category is: "The apple is *in* the bowl". Here, the apple does not necessarily need to be spatially contained in the bowl (no topological containment). The binary functional relation holding between two spatial objects x and y, such that x controls y's position in space; if x moves, then y moves as well; x and y need not be in contact. A relationship of spatialtemporal locating that is classified as relative. Relative here refers to a posited property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are treated by the grammar of a language. Relative spatiotemporal relationships are taken to `move along with' an observer. This contrasts with absolute relationships which do not accompany the observer. As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still and allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast to the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by. This relation expresses disconnection and denies functional control. It can be expressed by "off", "outside", "out", etc. DirectionalRelation is a spatial relation that indication a specific direction, which could be given by a vector. The reified relation of disjointness, or disconnectedness, such that for any two spatial entities x and y, x and y do not contact. A qualitative spatial relation indicating that the locatum is relatively distant, as expressed by the prepositions 'far from', 'away from', etc. The concept Distribution differs from all other categories in its required complex relatum. Therefore, it can only be used in cases of GeneralizedComplexLocations. Prepositions like among and between are indicating this concept. The absolute relation based on the cardinal direction east. external cardinal relation of east, e.g. "To the east of Minnesota" internal cardinal relation of east, e.g. "East Minnesota" A projective relation referring to the front side. The external frontal relation indicating that the locatum is in the half plane closest to its front, e.g., 'in front of'. The internal frontal relation indicating that the locatum is in the half plane closest to its front, e.g., 'in front of'. A projective relation that referes to the front or back side. The most general type of functional spatial relations. This less specific directional relation is expressed by a direction, such as "to", "from". A directional relationship that reflects increasing distance, e.g. "aus Richtung der/des". A directional relationship that reflects decreasing distance, e.g. "going homewards". This element specifies the location in a SpatialLocating or other non-abstract configurations. It is minimally defined by a spatial relation and a complex relatum, which has to be a DecomposableObject or consist of more than one entities. In addition, the accessibility to the speaker or listener can be given, and it has always a belonging spatial extent. 1 1 The spatio-functional entity serving as the location in spatial locatings or other non-abstract configurations. It is minimally defined by a spatial relation, and a (potentially unspecified) relatum. 0 0 GeneralizedPathLocation has an optional successor. This location is used in path-placement relations to represent lists of path placements. 1 1 1 1 GeneralizedRoute represents a route description or parts of it that are described in a DirectedMotion configuration. It can have sources, pathIndications, destinations, placements, and pathPlacements. The relative spatial modality in which gravity information is involved, referring to a vertical axis. A projective relation that is horiziontally oriented. A projective relation that refers to the right or left side. A projective relation that refers to the left side. A external relative lateral relation indicating the locatum is somewhere in the left-hand side half plane. An internal relative lateral relation indicating the locatum is somewhere in the left-hand side half plane. This spatial modality represents diverse directions, as expressed in "zigzag", "to and fro", "back and forth", "around". 1 1 0 Motion that includes either a source, path, destination, or pathIndication or it includes a direction (in which the GeneralizedLocation does not define a relatum). A type of an action defined by a motion verb, such as "He goes". 1 1 A change in orientation of an actor. Example: 'He turns right', here the spatial change is defined by an orientationDirection. Otherwise a route can be defined with this category, i.e. 'He turns from the kitchen 90 degrees to the left to the bathroom'. 1 NonAffectingOrienting describes a spatial configuration (happening) by using orientation information. It needs a direction. 0 0 Motion that does not include a destination, but may include a location where the motion takes place. Example: 'He is dancing'. A spatial action, orientation or motion. In general, a placement where something happens may be specified A relationship of spatialtemporal locating that is classified as absolute. Absolute here refers to a posited property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are treated by the grammar of English. Absolute spatiotemporal relationships are taken to be unchanging with respect to the observer. A relative relationship is one that moves with the observer. As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still and allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast to the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by. A projective, axial relation that also provides the functionality of Access and Proximal. Possible prepositions for this category are "besides", "at the side". If a reference system is indicated, the axis has to be lateral. The absolute relation based on the cardinal direction north. External cardinal relation of east, e.g. "To the north of Minnesota" internal cardinal relation of North, e.g. "North Minnesota" The external vertical relation indicating that the locatum is higher on the vertical axis and has access to the relatum. The reified relation of parthood such that for two spatial entities x and y, x is a part of y. This shape committing relation is represented by an inherently given path. An external, path representing relation that indicates a distance, proximity as default. It results from the respective expression, if the related objects have contact. One common preposition is "along". An internal, path representing relation that at least indicates an overlap of both objects. Common prepositions are "across", "through". A spatial relationship that is described by peripheral parts of the relatum. Ex: "edge" Any spatial relation situating an object configurationally according to one of the three principal spatial axes. A qualitative spatial relation indicating relative proximity, as expressed by the prepositions 'near', 'close to', 'next to', etc. Any spatial relation involving an explicit qualitative (ie non-quantitative) distance component, possibly assessed using functional criteria, 'The house is far from/near the river' (Tenbrink 2005: 58). A spatial or temporal entity, that gives a qualitative information within a configuration. In "Turn slightly to the right", the term "slightly" would be represented by QualitativeSpatialTemporal. Any spatial relation that encodes distance expressed by metric information, 'The house is 20 meters from the motorway'. A spatial or temporal entity, that gives a quantitative information within a configuration. In "Turn 45 degrees to the right", the term "45 degrees" would be represented by QuantitativeSpatialTemporal. The relative spatial modality that is represented by axial (lateral) spatial relations. A relation denoting the position of an object in space based on certain properties of entities. A projective relation that refers to the right side. A external relative lateral relation indicating the locatum is somewhere in the right-hand side half plane. An internal relative lateral relation indicating the locatum is somewhere in the right-hand side half plane. This modality defines a sequential relationship between entities, e.g. "The dog chased after the man". indicates spatial, sequential attributes of Elements that occur in spatial configurations, such as "it is on the *second* floor" or "take the *next* turn". This relation commits to a specific shape of the relatum. The absolute relation based on the cardinal direction south. external cardinal relation of east, e.g. "To the south of Minnesota" internal cardinal relation of east, e.g. "South Minnesota" The relation that indicates some sort of qualitative or quantitative distance information. 1 1 Any configuration whose function it is to locate some physical object in space. Instances must have one locatum and one placement. Spatial modality is a reified spatial relation. It serves to define entities such as place by providing constraints that are relational in nature, that is, accompanied by a (potentially unspecified) relatum. Any configuration whose function it is to locate some object in space and time. Instances must have one locatum and at least one placement and 'time information'. This spatial relation represents a specific direction. Possible expressions are "up", "down", "straight", "into", "ahead", etc. ascription of a status quality, such as 'dead'/'alive', 'valid'/'invalid', ... The reified functional relation holding between two spatial objects x and y, such that x physically supports y in the presence of gravity; x and y need not be in contact. An example of such an expression is "The bowl is on the table". The surrounding relation also provides a functional access between the related objects. If they have contact or not results from the expression. One possible preposition is "around". Any configuration whose function it is to locate some process in time. Directional relation that is expressed by topographical aspects, auch as "uphill", "downhill", etc. The external vertical relation indicating that the locatum is lower on the vertical axis and has access to the relatum. A projective relation that is vertically oriented. The absolute relation based on the cardinal direction west. external cardinal relation of east, e.g. "To the west of Minnesota" internal cardinal relation of east, e.g. "West Minnesota"