1. Phoneme, Phone, Allophone
2. Phonetic feature
3. Vowel space
4. Fundamental frequency and formants
5. Sound change, vowel shift
6. Morpheme, morph, allomorph
7. Derivation vs. inflection
8. Function vs. form
9. Function word, content word
10. Word class: semantic vs. formal definition, syntactic vs. morphological
11. Constituency
12. Constituency tests: movement, omission, substitution, reduction, co-ordination
13. Phrase structure Grammar, Phrase Structure Rules
14. Structural ambiguity
15. X-bar syntax
16. Process, Participant, Circumstance
17. Metafunction: Ideational, Interpersonal, Textual
18. Logical expressions: connectives, predicates, arguments
19. Compositionality, idiomaticity
20. Dialect, relation to language
21. Dialect continuum
22. Isogloss
23. Sign: Saussurean, Morris, Peirce
24. Semiotic Triangle
25. Arbitrariness of the sign
26. Discrete nature of language vs. continuous structure of reality
27. Prototypes
28. Lexical semantic relations
29. Semantic features
30. Prescriptive vs. Descriptive
31. Language families: typology
32. Linguistic variable
33. Historical reconstruction
34. Indo-European
35. Old English, Middle English, Modern English