(in-package "PENMAN-KB") ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; ; ; MERGED UPPER MODEL, 1994 ; ; ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; ; ;COPYRIGHT (C) UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, 1987, 1988, 1989 ; ; and GMD/INSTITUT FUER INTEGRIERTE PUBLIKATIONS- ; ; UND INFORMATIONSSYSTEME, 1992, 1994 ; ; ; ;University Of Southern California, Information Sciences Institute ; ;4676 Admiralty Way ; ;Marina Del Rey, California 90292 ; ; ; ;GMD-IPSI, Dolivostr. 15 ; ;D-64293 Darmstadt ; ;Germany ; ; ; ; Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies ; ; of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the ; ; copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, ; ; and that the distributor grants the recipient permission ; ; for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. ; ; ; ; Use of this resource in work reported in published or publically ; ; accessable documents should be properly referenced in those ; ; documents. Reference should be made at least to the following ; ; two descriptions (here in Bibtex format): ; ; ; ;@techreport{UM-89, key = "Bateman", ; ; author = "Bateman, John A. and ; ; Kasper, Robert T. and Moore, Johanna D. and ; ; Whitney, Richard A.", ; ; year = 1990, ; ; title = "A general organization of Knowledge for natural language ; ; processing: the {\sc penman} Upper Model", ; ; institution = "USC/Information Sciences Institute", ; ; address = "Marina del Rey, California"} ; ; ; ;@techreport{Henschel93, ; ; author = "Renate Henschel", ; ; title = "{Merging the English and the German Upper Model}", ; ; institution = "GMD/Institut f{\"u}r Integrierte Publikations- ; ; und Informationssysteme", ; ; address = "Darmstadt, Germany", ; ; year = 1993} ; ; ; ; Permission is granted to distribute modified versions ; ; of this document, or of portions of it, ; ; under the above conditions, provided also that they ; ; carry prominent notices stating who last changed them, ; ; and these changes are reported back to the above copyright holders. ; ; ; ; The document is supplied "AS IS," without ; ; any warranties of any kind. It is furnished only on the basis that any ; ; party who receives it indemnifies and holds harmless the parties who ; ; furnish and originate it against any claims, demands or liabilities ; ; connected with using it, furnishing it to others or providing it to a ; ; third party. THIS NOTICE MUST NOT BE REMOVED FROM THE SOFTWARE, AND IN ; ; THE EVENT THAT THE SOFTWARE IS DIVIDED, IT SHOULD BE ATTACHED TO EVERY ; ; PART. ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ;; Loom version conditionalizations and adaptions... ;; (:version-case (":LOOM") ((- "2.1") (loom::in-kb 'loom::penman-kb)) (t (Loom::in-context loom::ideation-base-0))) ;; John: Jan03; Loom 4 has its own concept "temporal" which ;; does not allow the Upper Model concept of ;; the same name to be used: for now get rid ;; of it... If an application does anything ;; with the loom inbuilt concept then another ;; strategy will be needed! ;; #+loom4.0(loom:destroy-concept (loom:find-concept "temporal")) ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ;; Root of the upper model... ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (defconcept UM-Thing :is :primitive :disjoint-covering (Object Process Quality)) ; ----------------------------------------------------------- ; The most basic distinctions: object, process, quality ; ----------------------------------------------------------- (defconcept Object :is (:and UM-Thing :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Decomposable-Object Nondecomposable-Object) :disjoint-covering (Conscious-Being Non-Conscious-Thing)) (penman::annotate-concept OBJECT :doc-strings ("An entity which is not a process or a quality.") :lex-items (OBJECT)) (defconcept Process :is (:and UM-Thing :primitive) :constraints (:at-least 1 Participant) :disjoint-covering (Material-process Mental-Process Relational-Process Verbal-Process)) (penman::annotate-concept PROCESS :doc-strings ("All of the entities classfied under PROCESS can be expressed as verbs and are frequently" "the main verb in a clause. Participants in a process typically come from the OBJECT" "hierarchy and are realized as nominal groups. Clearly there are some kinds of relations" "which will have actions or processes as their participants, e.g. causality. There are" "mechanisms by which processes may be nominalized when they become participants in other" "processes. Circumstances are realized as adverbial groups or prepositional phrases." "Circumstances expressed as adverbial groups come from the CIRCUMSTANCE hierarchy, while" "those expressed as prepositional phrases are represented as circumstantial relations. In" "LOOM terms, the process itself is a concept. It has a role for each of its participants." "It may have roles for its circumstances. There are particular kinds of participant roles" "associated with different types of processes. That is, the participant roles will be" "value-restricted to different concepts in the object hierarchy for different processes.") :lex-features (NOMINALIZATION)) (defreified-relation Participant :is (:and Two-Place-Relation :primitive)) ;(:DOMAIN process) (penman::annotate-concept PARTICIPANT :doc-strings ("A process/state/event is said to `contain' some number of entities that PARTICIPATE in the" "actualization of that process/state/event. The manner of these entities participation is" "identified in terms of given role names.")) ; *********** domain and range as relational-participants ************ ; John: these were commented out, I've put them back in; correct or not? (defrelation domain :is (:and Participant Loom::domain)) (defrelation range :is (:and Participant Loom::Range)) ; ******************************************************************** (defreified-relation Circumstantial :is (:and Two-Place-Relation :primitive)) ;(:DOMAIN process) (penman::annotate-concept CIRCUMSTANTIAL :doc-strings ("A process potentially consists of three components: the process itself, participants in" "the process, and CIRCUMSTANCES associated with the process. Circumstances are often" "realized as adverbial groups or prepositional phrases. Circumstances expressed as" "adverbial groups come from the circumstance hierarchy, while those expressed as" "prepositional phrases are represented as circumstantial relations.") :lex-features (CIRCUMSTANTION)) (defconcept Quality :is (:and UM-Thing :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Material-World-Quality Logical-Quality Modal-Quality)) (penman::annotate-concept QUALITY :doc-strings ("Qualities are properties of objects and processes. They participate in property ascription" "relations. Roughly speaking, qualities include anything that can be expressed as an" "English adjective.")) ; ----------------------------------------------------------- ; PROCESS TYPES ; ----------------------------------------------------------- ; MENTAL PROCESSES (defconcept Mental-Process :is (:and Process :primitive (:at-least 1 Phenomenon) (:at-least 1 Senser) (:all Senser Conscious-Being)) :disjoint-covering (Mental-Active Mental-Inactive)) (penman::annotate-concept MENTAL-PROCESS :doc-strings ("Individual-internal processes of cognition, emotion, decision, or feeling. Mental" "processes have a role called senser, which is mandatory. This role should be value-" "restricted to CONSCIOUS-BEING. If this constraint is violated by an utterance, the" "utterance is grammatically metaphorical. There is also a role for the PHENOMENON of" "mental processing.") :lex-features (EXPERIENCEVERB)) (defreified-relation Senser :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SENSER :doc-strings ("The entity that undergoes the experience in a mental process. Referents of qualities in" "this category ought to be restricted to be conscious-beings. Examples include: `happy'," "`angry', `sad', `amused', `afraid'. Constructions involving qualities in this class can" "specify a fact as the cause of the mental state. For example, ``Henry was sad that he" "missed the performance''. ``Henry was angry because the train was late''. Note that such" "constructions are not possible with phenomenon-oriented-qualities. Some qualities fall" "into both categories, but are expressed differently depending on their classification." "Compare: ``I am *amazed* that the earth is flat'' (senser-oriented); ``That the earth is" "flat is *amazing* to me'' (phenomenon-oriented).")) (defreified-relation Phenomenon :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept PHENOMENON :doc-strings ("The object of perception in a mental process of perceiving.")) (defconcept Mental-Active :is (:and Mental-Process :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept MENTAL-ACTIVE :doc-strings ("This is another specialization of actions concerned with mental processing. Examples of" "verbs which would fall into this category are: `convince', `please'. Also the verb" "`will', in the context: ``I will that something be the case''.") :lex-items (WILL-volition)) (defconcept Mental-Inactive :is (:and Mental-Process :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Cognition Perception Reaction)) (penman::annotate-concept MENTAL-INACTIVE :doc-strings ("Concepts in this category describe passive, inactive mental processing. There are 3" "subtypes of this category:" "Perception (e.g. `see`, `hear`, `taste`, `smell`, `feel`)," "Cognition (e.g. `think`, `believe`, `know`, `understand`, `realize`), and" "Reaction/Emotion/Affection (e.g. `love`, `hate`, `want`, `wish`, `fear`, `desire`.)" "" "Inactive-mental-processes do not normally take the progressive form. Recall that" "material-actions do take the progressive form." "Passivization is rare for most of these, except in the case where the phenomenon is a noun" "phrase, e.g." "``Henry likes Mary.''" "``Mary is liked by Henry.''" "but not" "``Henry likes to go to the races.''" "``*To go to the races is liked by Henry.''" "" "Inactive-mental-processes also often form `reversal pairs'. One of the mental actions in" "the pair is active, the other is inactive (or inactive), e.g.``I *like* bananas.'' vs. " "``Bananas *please* me.'' Other pairs are , , . Compare this to actions where reversal is only possible using passive voice.") :lex-items (SENSE)) (defconcept Perception :is (:and Mental-Inactive :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept PERCEPTION :doc-strings ("An involuntary mental process of perceiving a phenomenon.") :lex-features (PERCEPTION) :lex-items (FEEL FEEL-TACTILE SEE)) (defconcept Cognition :is (:and Mental-Inactive :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept COGNITION :doc-strings ("Processes of cognition (e.g. `think', `believe', `know', `understand', `realize').") :lex-features (COGNITION)) (defconcept Believe :is (:and Cognition :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept BELIEVE :doc-strings ("The involuntary mental process of holding a belief") :lex-items (BELIEVE)) (defconcept Know :is (:and Cognition :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept KNOW :doc-strings ("A mental process describing the involuntary state of knowing that something is the case.") :lex-items (KNOW)) (defconcept Think :is (:and Cognition :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept THINK :doc-strings ("The mental process of thinking.") :lex-items (THINK)) (defconcept Reaction :is (:and Mental-Inactive :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept REACTION :doc-strings ("An inactive mental process that captures an uncontrolled emotional response to something" "or some state of affairs in terms of its appeal. Examples would be FEARING and DISLIKING" "on the negative side, and LIKING on the positive side.") :lex-features (REACTION)) (defconcept Liking :is (:and Reaction :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept LIKING :doc-strings ("An involuntary favorable mental/emotional reaction to some entity or state of affairs, or" "a process that presupposes a favorable reaction, e.g. to `want' or `strive' to bring" "something about.") :lex-features (LIKE) :lex-items (LIKE-VERB)) (defconcept Striving :is (:and Liking :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept STRIVING :doc-strings ("A type of mental reaction that attempts to bring about some state of affairs or event.") :lex-items (TRY)) (defconcept Wanting :is (:and Liking :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept WANTING :doc-strings ("A type of mental reaction that wants to bring about some state of affairs or event.") :lex-items (WANT)) (defconcept Disliking :is (:and Reaction :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept DISLIKING :doc-strings ("A mental reaction that is negative towards some object or state of affairs.") :lex-features (DISLIKE) :lex-items (DISLIKE)) (defconcept Fearing :is (:and Reaction :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept FEARING :doc-strings ("A mental reaction that is negative towards some object or state of affairs and which" "invokes fear.") :lex-features (FEAR)) ; ; VERBAL PROCESSES ; (defconcept Verbal-Process :is (:and Process (:at-least 1 Saying) (:at-most 1 Sayer)) :disjoint-covering (Addressee-Oriented-Verbal-Process Non-Addressee-Oriented-Verbal-Process)) (penman::annotate-concept VERBAL-PROCESS :doc-strings ("A process of communication.") :lex-features (SYMBOLICVERB)) (defreified-relation Sayer :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SAYER :doc-strings ("The actor in a verbal process.")) (defreified-relation Addressee :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ADDRESSEE :doc-strings ("Receiver of the communicative process, e.g. Henry told *me* that dinner" "would be ready at 6:00pm.")) (defreified-relation Saying :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SAYING :doc-strings ("The information being communicated by a communicative process.")) ; ****************** participants from the German UM ********************** (defreified-relation Meta-Message :is (:and Saying :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept META-MESSAGE :doc-strings ("The type of information - story, lecture ...- being communicated by a communicative process.")) (defreified-relation Nonmeta-Message :is (:and Saying :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONMETA-MESSAGE :doc-strings ("The information being communicated by a communicative process.")) (defreified-relation Prompt :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept PROMPT :doc-strings ("The information process preceding the recent communicative process.")) ; ************************************************************** (defreified-relation Quote :is (:and saying :primitive)) ; TO BE USED FOR DIRECT QUOTE (penman::annotate-concept QUOTE :doc-strings ("The information being communicated by a direct quotation.")) (defconcept Non-Addressee-Oriented-Verbal-Process :is (:and Verbal-Process :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NON-ADDRESSEE-ORIENTED-VERBAL-PROCESS :doc-strings ("A verbal process that does not intrinsically require an addressee.") :lex-items (SAY)) ;(defconcept Name-Event ; :is (:and Non-Addressee-Oriented-Verbal-Process ; (:all Result Name)) ; :annotations ((lexicalitems (name-event)))) (defconcept Addressee-Oriented-Verbal-Process :is (:and Verbal-Process :primitive (:at-least 1 Addressee))) (penman::annotate-concept ADDRESSEE-ORIENTED-VERBAL-PROCESS :doc-strings ("A verbal process for which the addressee is an obligatory role. ") :lex-items (TELL)) ; ; MATERIAL PROCESSES ; (defconcept Material-Process :is (:and Process (:at-least 1 Actor)) :disjoint-covering (Directed-Action Nondirected-Action)) (penman::annotate-concept MATERIAL-PROCESS :doc-strings ("Material-processes include both intentional actions, i.e. actions with a volitional actor," "e.g. ``The mouse ran up the clock'' and happenings, such as EROSION and DISINTEGRATION," "e.g. ``The wall came tumbling down.'' The role of this relation is: ACTOR. This should" "value-restricted to objects excluding things created by mental processing (e.g. facts) and" "speech (direct or indirect). Material actions which are in the process of occurring are" "typically expressed in the present progressive tense. Compare the following:" "``My watch says it is 4:30pm.'' vs. ``Henry is going to the market.'' Thus, a test for" "determining whether a concept falls into this category is to look at the natural way of" "expressing the concept. For example, ``The house collapses'' (non-progressive) vs. " "``The house is collapsing'' (progressive)." "" "Material Processes are further broken up into two classes, depending upon whether or not" "they can have an actee: DIRECTED-ACTIONS and NONDIRECTED-ACTIONS.") :lex-items (ACT ACTION) :lex-features (DOVERB)) (defreified-relation Actor :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ACTOR :doc-strings ("A transitivity function in a material clause; the participant always inherent in the" "clause according to the transitive model of transitivity. The process it participates in" "may or may not extend to affect another participant, the Goal. For instance, (Actor:)" "Henry (Process:) dove; (Actor:) Henry (Process:) kicked (Goal:) the ugly duckling. (The" "term Actor is to be distinguished from the term Agent. While the former is confined to" "material clauses in the transitive model, the latter is a generalized transitivity" "function--the `causer'--in the ergative model; see the Upper Model description document" "for more details.") :lex-items (ACTION)) (defreified-relation Actee :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ACTEE :doc-strings ("A process participant describing the entity to which a process is `done', `carried out" "on', etc.")) ; e.g. "John took a bath". ; the verb carries no info about what the process is actually doing, it's ; all been shifted to the participant process-range. ; e.g. "The car turned the corner" ; Here the corner is the range over which the process is occurring. ; The reason |R|PROCESS-RANGE is a SubC of |R|actee is that the ; filler of |R|PROCESS-RANGE "acts like" an |R|actee, i.e. comes ; after the verb without a preposition intervening. (defreified-relation Process-Range :is (:and Actee :primitive (:domain Material-Process))) (penman::annotate-concept PROCESS-RANGE :doc-strings ("A participant role where the participant is not affected or altered by the actualization" "of the process, but instead serves more to define the nature of the process.")) ; Probably in conflict with grammar: ; (penman:annotate-concept Process-Range :lex-items (do)) (defreified-relation Beneficiary :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept BENEFICIARY :doc-strings ("A transitivity function in the clause, according to the generalized ergative transitivity" "model: the participant benefitting from the actualization of the combination of Process +" "Medium. In a material clause, it is the Recipient (My aunt gave *the farmer* a duckpress)" "or the Client (Pour *me* out a cold Dos Equis beer) and in a verbal one, it is the " "addressee (Joe told *us* all about Eve). It also occurs in a few relational clause types" "(I owe *you* an apology) and mental clauses (I envy *you* your luck; I don't begrudge" "*you* your happiness).")) (defreified-relation Client :is (:and Causal-Relation Beneficiary :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept CLIENT :doc-strings ("The role of beneficiary where something is done for another person.")) (defreified-relation Recipient :is (:and Beneficiary :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RECIPIENT :doc-strings ("The beneficiary participant role of a material process.")) (defconcept Directed-Action :is-primitive Material-Process :constraints (:at-least 1 Actee) :disjoint-covering (Creative-Material-Action Dispositive-Material-Action)) (penman::annotate-concept DIRECTED-ACTION :doc-strings ("Directed-actions have an ACTEE role. They are always transitive, although they may be" "actee-intransitive. In this case, the actee is not specified, but is inferrable. For" "example, ``Henry hunts.'' In this case, we can infer that Henry hunts something in the" "category of `huntable-things'. Directed-actions can always have a beneficiary of the" "client type. This is expressed by the prepositional phrase: `for' client. Directed-" "actions are further broken up into two subclasses depending upon whether or not the actee" "existed before the action occurred.") :lex-features (EFFECTIVE) :lex-items (DO)) ; Those directed-actions which create their |R|ACTEE. (defconcept Creative-Material-Action :is (:and Directed-Action :primitive (:all Material Object) (:at-least 1 Result) ; The actee should always be a result. (:all Result Object))) (penman::annotate-concept CREATIVE-MATERIAL-ACTION :doc-strings ("A specialization of directed-action. Actions in this category *create* their actee. For" "example, ``Mary baked a cake.'' All actions in this category can be realized using the" "verbs `create' or `make'") :lex-features (CREATION) :lex-items (MAKE)) (defreified-relation Material :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept MATERIAL :doc-strings ("A participant role that carries information about the material from which an entity is" "constructed.")) (defreified-relation Result :is (:and Actee :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RESULT :doc-strings ("A particular type of participant relationship to a process: identifies the participant" "that is in the role of being affected, acted upon, or brought into being by the" "actualization of the process.")) ; Actions in this category affect their |R|ACTEE. ; This category includes any verbs that describe an action on something that already exists. (defconcept Dispositive-Material-Action :is (:and Directed-Action :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept DISPOSITIVE-MATERIAL-ACTION :doc-strings ("Another specialization of directed-action. Actions in this category affect their actee." "This category includes any verbs that describe an action on something that already exists," "e.g. ``Eunice ate the cake.''") :lex-features (DISPOSAL)) (defconcept Name-Event :is (:and Dispositive-Material-Action (:all Result Name))) (penman::annotate-concept NAME-EVENT :doc-strings ("The process of giving something a name.") :lex-items (NAME-EVENT)) ; There may be no |R|ACTEE. (defconcept Nondirected-Action :is (:and Material-Process :primitive)) ; ************** disjoint covering is here wrong: ; ************** "These subclasses are very clearly not exhaustive" ; ************** cited from BATEMAN/KASPER/MOORE/WHITNEY ; :disjoint-covering (Ambient-Process Motion-Process)) (penman::annotate-concept NONDIRECTED-ACTION :doc-strings ("Non-directed-actions are those material-actions which either have no `actee', or whose" "`actee' is not created or affected by the action. They are often (though not necessarily)" "intransitive. In the case they are transitive, the object is not affected or created by" "the action. Instead it specifies a range of the action. For example, ``I play the piano/" "tennis.'' This specifies that I am capable of a typical kind of playing." "" "All verbs of movement are examples of non-directed-actions, e.g. `climb', `walk', `fly'," "`fall', `run'. Skills, such as `read (music)', `speak (French), etc. are included in" "this category. In addition, the verbs `have' as in `have lunch', `take' as in `take a" "shower', `do' as in `do a dance', and `make' are in this category.") :lex-features (MIDDLE)) (defconcept Ambient-Process :is (:and Nondirected-Action :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept AMBIENT-PROCESS :doc-strings ("A process describing an ambient condition, such as the weather, temperature, etc.") :lex-features (METEOROLOGY)) ; *************** cross classification with german concepts ************** (defconcept Nondirected-Doing :is (:and Nondirected-Action :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONDIRECTED-DOING :doc-strings ("A type of nondirected action that has the agent of the action as actor") :lex-items (DO)) (defconcept Nondirected-Happening :is (:and Nondirected-Action :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONDIRECTED-HAPPENING :doc-strings ("A type of nondirected action where the actor is affected by the action") :lex-items (happen)) ; ************************************************************************** (defconcept Motion-Process :is (:and Nondirected-Doing :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept MOTION-PROCESS :doc-strings ("A type of nondirected action that includes motion on the part of the actor.") :lex-items (GO-VERB)) ;------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; OBJECTS ;------------------------------------------------------------------------- (defconcept Decomposable-Object :is (:and Object (:at-least 1 Part))) (penman::annotate-concept DECOMPOSABLE-OBJECT :doc-strings ("An object that is being viewed as being made up of parts that may be taken apart and are" "often given explicit linguistic recognition.")) (defconcept Um-Set :is (:and Decomposable-Object Abstraction (:at-least 1 Element))) (penman::annotate-concept UM-SET :doc-strings ("An abstract assemblage of elements.")) (defconcept Disjunctive-Set :is (:and Um-Set :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept DISJUNCTIVE-SET :doc-strings ("A set of alternatives.")) (defreified-relation Element :is (:and Part :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ELEMENT :doc-strings ("A type of part-whole relationship, such as that holding between a list and its elements.")) (defreified-relation Element-Of :is (:and (:inverse Element)(:concept Part-Of) :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Element-Of :doc-strings ("The inverse of the Element relation.")) (defconcept Ordered-Object :is (:and Decomposable-Object :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ORDERED-OBJECT :doc-strings ("A type of decomposable object whose parts have an intrinsic ordering of their own;" "for example, the elements of a list, the carriages of a train, etc.")) (defconcept Ordered-Set :is (:and Ordered-Object UM-Set :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ORDERED-SET :doc-strings ("A set whose elements are ordered.")) ;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION ordered-by :PRIMITIVE ; (:SPECIALIZES structured-association) ; (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))) (defconcept Space-Interval :is (:and Spatial Ordered-Object :primitive) :disjoint-covering (One-Or-Two-D-Location Three-D-Location)) (penman::annotate-concept SPACE-INTERVAL :doc-strings ("Space as a decomposible set of points, intervals, or volumes.")) (defconcept One-Or-Two-D-Location :is (:and Space-Interval :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ONE-OR-TWO-D-LOCATION :doc-strings ("A spatial object that is either a line or a plane.")) (defconcept Three-D-Location :is (:and Space-Interval :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept THREE-D-LOCATION :doc-strings ("A three dimensional space.")) (defconcept Time-Interval :is (:and Temporal Ordered-Object :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Past Present Future) :disjoint-covering (One-Or-Two-D-Time Three-D-Time)) (penman::annotate-concept TIME-INTERVAL :doc-strings ("A time interval.")) (defconcept Past :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive)) (defconcept Present :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive)) (defconcept Future :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive)) (defconcept One-Or-Two-D-Time :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ONE-OR-TWO-D-TIME :doc-strings ("A temporal object that is a time interval or smaller scale succession of time intervals," "e.g. a day (in opposition to a year). This is clearly a matter of the perspective that" "is being drawn in particular cases.")) (defconcept Three-D-Time :is (:and Time-Interval :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept THREE-D-TIME :doc-strings ("A portion of time that is being viewed as of sufficiently large scale to need" "expression as if it were a volume within which thing occured (e.g. in 1966), rather" "than a plane on which things occured (e.g. on that day).")) (defconcept Nondecomposable-Object :is (:and Object :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONDECOMPOSABLE-OBJECT :doc-strings ("An object that is being regarded as not possessing significant parts, or which" "is not to be considered decomposable for present purposes.")) (defconcept Substance :is (:and Nondecomposable-Object :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Space Time)) (penman::annotate-concept SUBSTANCE :doc-strings ("E.g., water, grass, flour, butter. The bounded region for substances is not in the domain" "of physical space, since they are in principle indefinitely expandable in space. Rather," "their bounded region is in the domain of some quality spectrum (taste, color, texture," "solidity, etc.).")) (defconcept Space :is (:and Spatial Substance :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SPACE :doc-strings ("Space as an undecomposable mass.")) (defconcept Time :is (:and Temporal Substance :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept TIME :doc-strings ("Time as a general undecomposable substance.")) (defconcept Time-Point :is (:and Temporal Nondecomposable-Object :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept TIME-POINT :doc-strings ("A time point.")) (defconcept Zero-D-Time :is (:and Time-Point :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ZERO-D-TIME :doc-strings ("A point in time.")) (defconcept Space-Point :is (:and Spatial Nondecomposable-Object :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SPACE-POINT :doc-strings ("Space as a point.")) (defconcept Zero-D-Location :is (:and Space-Point :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ZERO-D-LOCATION :doc-strings ("A point in space.")) (defconcept Conscious-Being :is (:and Object :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept CONSCIOUS-BEING :doc-strings ("An active entity that is capable of producing information" "that may be ascribed consciousness; e.g. a person.")) (defconcept Person :is (:and Conscious-Being :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Female Male)) (penman::annotate-concept PERSON :doc-strings ("A type of conscious being pronominalizeable by `she', `he', etc. rather than by `it'.") :lex-items (PERSON)) (defconcept Female :is (:and Person :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept FEMALE :doc-strings ("An object that is to be considered female, for, e.g., pronominalization purposes.")) (defconcept Male :is (:and Person :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept MALE :doc-strings ("An object that is to be considered male, for, e.g., pronominalization purposes.")) (defconcept Non-Conscious-Thing :is (:and Object :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NON-CONSCIOUS-THING :doc-strings ("Some entities are just not treated by the language to be conscious. They go here.")) (defconcept Spatial-Temporal :is (:and Non-Conscious-Thing :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Absolute-Spatial-Temporal Relative-Spatial-Temporal) :disjoint-covering ( Spatial Temporal)) (penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-TEMPORAL :doc-strings ("The generalized time-space object, under which all time and space objects lie.")) (defconcept Absolute-Spatial-Temporal :is (:and Spatial-Temporal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ABSOLUTE-SPATIAL-TEMPORAL :doc-strings ("A relationship of spatial-temporal locating that is classified as absolute. Absolute here" "refers to a posited property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are" "treated by the grammar of English. Absolute spatio-temporal relationships are taken to be" "unchanging with respect to the observer. A relative relationship is one that moves with" "the observer. As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still" "and allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast" "to the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by.")) (defconcept Relative-Spatial-Temporal :is (:and Spatial-Temporal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RELATIVE-SPATIAL-TEMPORAL :doc-strings ("A relationship of spatial-temporal locating that is classified as relative. Relative here" "refers to a posited property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are" "treated by the grammar of English. Relative spatio-temporal relationships are taken to" "`move along with' an observer. This contrasts with absolute relationships which do not" "accompany the observer. As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not" "stand still and allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is" "in contrast to the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by.")) (defconcept Spatial :is (:and Spatial-Temporal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL :doc-strings ("The general concept of spatial object, including all points, paths, volumes, undivided" "wholes, etc.")) (defconcept Temporal :is (:and Spatial-Temporal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL :doc-strings ("The general concept of temporal object, including all points, paths, volumes, undivided" "wholes, etc.")) (defconcept Abstraction :is (:and Non-Conscious-Thing :primitive) ;:disjoint-covering (Natural-Number Word Um-Set) ; Not a cover. ) (penman::annotate-concept Abstraction :doc-strings ("Something which exists in metaphorical or qualitative space rather than in" "physical space. E.g., truth.")) (defconcept Natural-Number :is (:and Abstraction :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NATURAL-NUMBER :doc-strings ("A type of abstraction referring to numerical value.")) (defconcept Word :is (:and Abstraction :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept WORD :doc-strings ("A type of abstraction for the representation and expression of ideas.")) (defconcept Name :is (:and Word :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NAME :doc-strings ("An accepted but possibly arbitrary label for some entity.") :lex-items (NAME)) (defconcept Named-Object :is (:and Object :primitive (:the name-of name))) (penman::annotate-concept NAMED-OBJECT :doc-strings ("Objects which typically have names.")) ;------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; QUALITIES ;------------------------------------------------------------------------- (defconcept Material-World-Quality :is (:and Quality :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Dynamic-Quality Stative-Quality) :disjoint-covering (Polar-Quality Taxonomic-Quality) :disjoint-covering (Scalable-Quality Nonscalable-Quality)) (penman::annotate-concept MATERIAL-WORLD-QUALITY :doc-strings ("Material qualities can be thought of as those qualities which are evident when the" "referent is looked at, weighed, measured, etc. Examples include: `heavy', `blue'," "`American', `readable', `efficient', `maintainable'. The referents of these qualities" "are things.")) (defconcept Dynamic-Quality :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept DYNAMIC-QUALITY :doc-strings ("A quality can be stative or dynamic. A quality is dynamic if the entity possessing this" "quality must exert some effort in order to maintain the quality. Stative qualities hold" "regardless of any particular process. Dynamic qualities can be expressed using the" "present progressive tense, i.e. they can take the form: `X is being .'" "John is being clever/skillful/creative/enthusiastic." "Stative qualities cannot take this form: *John is being dead/German/tall." "These can take the simple present only.")) (defconcept Stative-Quality :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept STATIVE-QUALITY :doc-strings ("Stative qualities hold regardless of any particular process. Dynamic qualities can be" "expressed using the present progressive tense, i.e. they can take the form: ``X is being" ".'' ``John is being clever/skillful/creative/enthusiastic.'' Stative qualities" "cannot. ``*John is being dead/German/tall.'' These can take the simple present only.")) (defconcept Polar-Quality :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept POLAR-QUALITY :doc-strings ("A quality is polar if it has a corresponding quality describing its opposite or the" "absence of this quality entirely. A polar quality is not part of a larger taxonomy. E.g." "`heavy'/`light', `dead'/`alive'. All qualities which are not polar are taxonomic, i.e." "the possible values can be listed. For example, the quality of being mammal is part of" "some taxonomy.")) (defconcept Taxonomic-Quality :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept TAXONOMIC-QUALITY :doc-strings ("All qualities which are not polar are taxonomic, i.e. the possible values can be listed." "For example, the quality of being mammal is part of some taxonomy.")) (defconcept Scalable-Quality :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SCALABLE-QUALITY :doc-strings ("A quality" "is scaleable if an object may possess it to varying degrees. For example, `heavy' is a" "scaleable quality. We can describe objects as being `very heavy', or `more' or `less'" "heavy than other objects. A non-scaleable quality is either possessed by an object or it" "is not. `Empty' is a non-scaleable quality.") :lex-features (DEGREE)) (defconcept Nonscalable-Quality :is (:and Material-World-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONSCALABLE-QUALITY :doc-strings ("A non-scaleable quality is either possessed by an object or it is not. `Empty' is a" "non-scaleable quality. A quality is scaleable if an object may possess it to varying" "degrees. For example, `heavy' is a scaleable quality. We can describe objects as being" "`very heavy', or `more' or `less' heavy than other objects. ") :lex-features (NONDEGREE)) (defconcept Behavioral-Quality :is (:and Scalable-Quality Polar-Quality Dynamic-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept BEHAVIORAL-QUALITY :doc-strings ("Behavioral qualities are qualities which characterize the behavior of a conscious being.")) (defconcept Class-Quality :is (:and Nonscalable-Quality Taxonomic-Quality Stative-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept CLASS-QUALITY :doc-strings ("This category may contain various taxonomies. For example, the MATERIAL-CLASS-QUALITY" "taxonomy describes the quality of being made of a particular material, like wood or metal.")) (defconcept Material-Class-Quality :is (:and Class-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept MATERIAL-CLASS-QUALITY :doc-strings ("Material-class-quality describes the" "quality of being made of a particular material, e.g. wood, metal, etc.")) (defconcept Provenance-Class-Quality :is (:and Class-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept PROVENANCE-CLASS-QUALITY :doc-strings ("Information that constrains reference by place, institution, social group or other social" "category of origin.") :lex-features (PROVENANCE)) (defconcept Evaluative-Quality :is (:and Scalable-Quality Polar-Quality Stative-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept EVALUATIVE-QUALITY :doc-strings ("Qualities which belong to this class are determined by some value system of some conscious" "being. Such a value system may be moral, aesthetic, or utilitarian. Moral qualities" "include `honest', `polite', `generous'. `Beautiful', `neat' are examples of aesthetic" "qualities. `Readable', `easy', and `thorough' are some task-oriented qualities.")) (defconcept Sense-And-Measure-Quality :is (:and Scalable-Quality Polar-Quality Stative-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SENSE-AND-MEASURE-QUALITY :doc-strings ("Qualities that are sensed or measured by conscious beings. For example, this" "category would include qualities of age (young, old), of weight (light, heavy)," "price (expensive, cheap), etc.")) (defconcept Age :is (:and Sense-And-Measure-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept AGE :doc-strings ("A sense and measure quality pertaining to the age of an entity.") :lex-features (AGE)) (defconcept Color :is (:and Sense-And-Measure-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept COLOR :doc-strings ("A sense and measure quality pertaining to color.") :lex-features (COLOUR)) (defconcept Size :is (:and Sense-And-Measure-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SIZE :doc-strings ("A property of size.") :lex-features (SIZE)) (defconcept Status-Quality :is (:and Nonscalable-Quality Polar-Quality Stative-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept STATUS-QUALITY :doc-strings ("Ascribes a quality to an object, independent of the observer. For example, specializations" "of this category could be the quality LIFE-STATUS which would be further broken down into" "the classes DEAD and ALIVE.")) (defconcept Logical-Quality :is (:and Quality :primitive)) (defconcept Logical-Uniqueness :is (:and Logical-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept LOGICAL-UNIQUENESS :lex-items (ONLY)) (defconcept Modal-Quality :is (:and Quality :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Volitional Nonvolitional) :disjoint-covering (Conditional Nonconditional)) (penman::annotate-concept MODAL-QUALITY :doc-strings ("Qualities of being able to do something, wanting to do something, having to do something," "and so forth.")) (defconcept Volitional :is (:and Modal-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept VOLITIONAL :doc-strings ("A modal quality concerned with the actor's active decision or volition in the performance" "of a process; a volitional process is one where the actor takes, or is expressed as " "taking, direct responsibility for the process.") :lex-features (VOLITION) :lex-items (WILL WOULD)) (defconcept Nonvolitional :is (:and Modal-Quality :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Necessity Possibility)) (penman::annotate-concept NONVOLITIONAL :doc-strings ("A modal quality concerned with the actor's active decision or volition in the" "performance of a process; a nonvolitional process is one where the actor did" "not take, or is not expressed as taking, direct responsibility for the process.")) (defconcept Necessity :is (:and Nonvolitional :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NECESSITY :doc-strings ("An example of a modal quality.") :lex-features (NECESSITY) :lex-items (MUST SHOULD)) (defconcept Possibility :is (:and Nonvolitional :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Ability General-Possibility)) (penman::annotate-concept POSSIBILITY :doc-strings ("A general modal quality that has subtypes general possibility (typically expressed by" "`may') and ability (typically expressed by `can').") :lex-features (POSSIBILITY) :lex-items (CAN COULD MAY MIGHT)) (defconcept Ability :is (:and Possibility :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ABILITY :doc-strings ("A modal qualification of the process, with respect to the ability to perform that" "process; typically realized by `can'") :lex-items (CAN COULD)) (defconcept General-Possibility :is (:and Possibility :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept GENERAL-POSSIBILITY :doc-strings ("A general possibility relationship is a modal modification of a process that indicates" "that the process may occur; it is typically realized using the modal `may'.") :lex-items (MAY MIGHT)) (defconcept Conditional :is (:and Modal-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept CONDITIONAL :doc-strings ("A type of modal quality. Modal qualities that are not conditional are expressed" "with modalities such as: will, must, can, etc.; those that are conditional" "are expressed by `would', `might', `could', etc.") :lex-items (SHOULD WOULD)) (defconcept Nonconditional :is (:and Modal-Quality :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONCONDITIONAL :doc-strings ("A type of modal quality. Modal qualities that are not conditional are expressed" "with modalities such as: will, must, can, etc.; those that are conditional" "are expressed by would, might, could, etc.") :lex-items (MUST WILL-VOLITION)) ;------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; RELATIONAL PROCESSES ;------------------------------------------------------------------------- (defconcept Relational-Process :is (:and Process :primitive) :disjoint-covering (One-Place-Relation Two-Place-Relation)) (penman::annotate-concept RELATIONAL-PROCESS :doc-strings ("A process that relates its participants rather than describing an action of the part" "of one on another.") :lex-features (RELATIONAL) :lex-items (BE)) ; All relational-processes defined using DEFREIFIED-RELATION should be explicitly ; (or implicitly, via subsumption) placed under |C|RELATIONAL-PROCESS as well. (defconcept One-Place-Relation :is (:and Relational-Process :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ONE-PLACE-RELATION :doc-strings ("ONE-PLACE-RELATIONs have one and only one participant. The only ONE-PLACE-RELATION" "in the upper model so far is EXISTENCE. For example, ``There is a block.''")) (defconcept Existence :is (:and One-Place-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept EXISTENCE :doc-strings ("A one-place relation, found, for example, in ``There is a block.'' Note that the notion of" "`state' does not come out as a category of special status in the upper model. Instead," "what we may think of as state is spread out over several concepts, e.g. relations and " "qualities. If considerations of inferencing require the notion of state, it will be" "necessary to recognize it as a separate category.")) ; (penman:annotate-concept Existence :lex-features (existential)) ; ************ 3rd-party-agent included ****************************** (defreified-relation Two-Place-Relation :is (:and (:concept Relational-Process) :primitive) :constraints (:at-least 1 Domain) :constraints (:at-least 1 Range) :constraints (:at-most 1 Third-party-agent)) (penman::annotate-concept TWO-PLACE-RELATION :doc-strings ("Any relation that holds between two entities which can optionally extended to a third-party-agent.")) (defreified-relation Third-party-agent :is (:and Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept THIRD-PARTY-AGENT :doc-strings ("The object which is the causer of a relation, which brings the relation into existence, for example ``Er begleitet seinen Vater zum Bahnhof''.")) ;(DEFCONCEPT three-place-relation :PRIMITIVE ; (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T)) ; (:SPECIALIZES relational-process) ; (:RES place (:NUMBER 3))) ; TWO-PLACE RELATION ; INTENSIVE RELATIONS (defreified-relation Intensive :is (:and Two-Place-Relation :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Ascription UM-Identity Symbolization)) (penman::annotate-concept INTENSIVE :doc-strings ("Intensive relations are those which ascribe a property to an object, or which identify or" "symbolize it.") :lex-features (INTENSION)) ; ASCRIPTION RELATIONS (defreified-relation Ascription :is (:and Intensive :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Class-Ascription Property-Ascription Quantity-Ascription)) (penman::annotate-concept ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("This two place relation captures the notion of membership in a set. In general, the domain" "(attribuend) will be filled by an object. The range (attribute) role will be a filled by a" "quality or by an object. Finer restrictions can be made based on the given attribute." "This relation is typically expressed by the verb `be'.")) (defreified-relation Ascription-Inverse :is (:and (:inverse Ascription )(:concept Generalized-Possession) :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Ascription-Inverse :doc-strings ("The inverse of the Ascription relation.")) ; Class-ascription offers an alternative to the SubC link. ; For example, we may want to say "John is a democrat" without ; making |C|JOHN a SubC of |C|DEMOCRAT. (defreified-relation Class-Ascription :is (:and Ascription :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept CLASS-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("For this two place relation, both the domain (functioning as `attribute') and the range" "(functioning as `attribuend') are restricted to be filled by objects. This relation" "corresponds to the SuperClass notion. It too is often expressed by the verb `be'. For" "example, ``Henry is a teacher.''") :lex-items (BE)) (defreified-relation Property-Ascription :is (:and Ascription :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("The relation describing membership in the set of entities having a particular property." "This is expressed by a property that can be used as a set descriptor. For example, ``The" "students are intelligent.'' i.e. they belong to the class of intelligent ones. Note that" "'intelligent' is a quality. We need many specializations of property ascription" "corresponding to different types of qualities.") :lex-items (BE)) (defreified-relation Property-Of :is (:and (:inverse Property-Ascription) (:concept Ascription-Inverse) :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Property-Of :doc-strings ("The inverse of the Property-Ascription relation.")) (defreified-relation Logical-Property-Ascription :is (:and Property-Ascription (:domain Process) (:range Logical-Quality))) (defreified-relation Modal-Property-Ascription :is (:and Property-Ascription (:domain Process) (:range Modal-Quality))) (penman::annotate-concept MODAL-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("The ascription of a modal quality, typically to a process.")) (defreified-relation Age-Property-Ascription :is (:and Property-Ascription (:range Age))) (penman::annotate-concept AGE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("The type of ascription of property that ascribes a quality of age to an object.")) (defreified-relation Color-Property-Ascription :is (:and Property-Ascription (:range Color))) (penman::annotate-concept COLOR-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("The type of ascription of property that ascribes a quality of color to an object.")) (defreified-relation Material-Property-Ascription :is (:and Property-Ascription (:range Material-Class-Quality))) (penman::annotate-concept MATERIAL-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("The general ascription of a material world quality.")) (defreified-relation Provenance-Property-Ascription :is (:and Property-Ascription (:range Provenance-Class-Quality))) (penman::annotate-concept PROVENANCE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("The relation of ascribing a provenance class quality to an entity.")) (defreified-relation Size-Property-Ascription :is (:and Property-Ascription (:range Size))) (penman::annotate-concept SIZE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("The relationship of ascribing a size to an entity.")) (defreified-relation Use-Property-Ascription :is (:and Property-Ascription :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept USE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("The relationship of ascribing a use to an entity.")) ;(DEFCONCEPT scaled-comparison ; (:SPECIALIZES property-ascription) ; (:RES attribuend (:NUMBER 1)) ; (:RES compare-quality (:VR scalable-quality) (:NUMBER 1)) ; (:RES standard (:NUMBER 1)) ; (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))) ;(defreified-relation Scaled-Comparison ; :is (:and Property-Ascription ; (:range Property-Ascription))) (defreified-relation Scaled-Comparison :is (:and :primitive Property-Ascription)) (penman::annotate-concept SCALED-COMPARISON :doc-strings ("A relationship of comparison of an object with respect to its carrying a specified" "property to a greater or lesser degree.")) (defrelation Attribuend :is (:and Domain :primitive)) ;(penman::annotate-concept ATTRIBUEND ; :doc-strings ; ("The participant in a scaled comparison whose possession of a quality is being compared.")) (defrelation Compare-Quality :is (:and Range :primitive)) ;(penman::annotate-concept COMPARE-QUALITY ; :doc-strings ; ("The slot in a scaled comparison that contains that quality with respect" ; "to which an object (the attribuend) is being compared.")) (defrelation Standard :is (:and Participant :primitive)) ;(penman::annotate-concept STANDARD ; :doc-strings ; ("The standard against which comparison is drawn in a scaled comparison.")) (defreified-relation Greater-Than-Comparison :is (:and Scaled-Comparison :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept GREATER-THAN-COMPARISON :doc-strings ("The scaled comparison that compares by stating that a quality holds more rather than less.")) (defrelation Greater :is (:and Attribuend :primitive)) ;(penman::annotate-concept GREATER ; :doc-strings ; ("A direction of comparison in a scaled comparison: here, the quality with respect to which" ; "comparison proceeds holds more rather than less.") ; :lex-items ; (MORE)) (defreified-relation Less-Than-Comparison :is (:and Scaled-Comparison :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept LESS-THAN-COMPARISON :doc-strings ("The scaled comparison that compares by stating that a quality holds less rather than more.")) (defrelation Lesser :is (:and Attribuend :primitive)) ;(penman::annotate-concept LESSER ; :doc-strings ; ("A direction of comparison in a scaled comparison: here the quality with respect to which" ; "comparison proceeds holds less rather than more.") ; :lex-items ; (LESS)) (defreified-relation Quantity-Ascription :is (:and Ascription :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept QUANTITY-ASCRIPTION :doc-strings ("The relation of ascribing a quantity to an entity.")) (defreified-relation Quantity :is (:and Quantity-Ascription :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept QUANTITY :doc-strings ("The relation of ascribing a quantity to some entity. This is a" "a type of quantity-ascription and contrasts with number-focusing, which provides" "information additional to the value of the quantity being ascribed, e.g. a range" "bounded by some value.")) (defreified-relation Number-Focusing :is (:and Quantity-Ascription :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NUMBER-FOCUSING :doc-strings ("The relation of being more specific about a quantity that is being ascribed." "This is a type of quantity-ascription and contrasts with quantity, which provides" "no additional information concerning the quantity apart from its value.")) (defreified-relation At-Least :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept AT-LEAST :doc-strings ("An ascription of relative quantity that puts a lower bound on the quantity ascribed.") :lex-items (AT-LEAST)) (defreified-relation At-Most :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept AT-MOST :doc-strings ("An ascription of relative quantity that puts an upper bound on the quantity ascribed.") :lex-items (AT-MOST)) (defreified-relation Exactly :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept EXACTLY :doc-strings ("A relation of focusing or restricting an attribution of quantity.") :lex-items (EXACTLY)) (defreified-relation Greater-Than :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept GREATER-THAN :doc-strings ("A relative quantity ascription that specifies a range beginning at some lower bound.") :lex-items (GREATER-THAN)) (defreified-relation Less-Than :is (:and Number-Focusing :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept LESS-THAN :doc-strings ("A relative quantity ascription with respect to a higher bound.") :lex-items (LESS-THAN)) ; IDENTITY RELATIONS (defreified-relation UM-Identity :is (:and Intensive :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept UM-IDENTITY :doc-strings ("The type of relation between entities that states that they are in some sense identical or" "overlap. Sentences typical of this type of relation are `X is a Y', or `X is mine'.") :lex-items (BE)) ; SYMBOLIZATION RELATIONS (defreified-relation Symbolization :is (:and Intensive :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SYMBOLIZATION :doc-strings ("This category contains relations that hold between entities and other entities they" "`symbolize'. Concepts in this class logically have two roles: SYMBOL (the domain) and" "SYMBOLIZED (the range). One relation in this category is the relation between an object" "and a name which identifies that object.")) (defreified-relation Name-Relation :is (:and Symbolization :primitive (:domain Name))) (penman::annotate-concept NAME-RELATION :doc-strings ("The relation that holds between a name's bearer and that name.") :lex-items (NAME-VERB)) (defreified-relation Role-Playing :is (:and Symbolization :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ROLE-PLAYING :doc-strings ("A circumstantial relationship that expresses a restriction of which facet of one of the" "participants in a process is relevant for the actualization of the process. The" "participation of a participant which is specified in, and has a definite participant" "function (such as actor, goal, senser, and phenomenon to the process) is restricted to a" "particular role, part, or function within the particular participant function being" "performed. It is frequently realized in English by a prepositional phrase with the" "preposition `as'; for example: As a president, he was terrible, although as a golfer he" "was not too bad.") :lex-features (ROLE) :lex-items (AS BE)) ; CIRCUMSTANTIAL RELATIONS ; ------------------------ ; Concepts in this category can be expressed as: "be" + preposition. ; The choice of preposition depends on the particular subcategory ; the relation belongs to. ; (defreified-relation Accompaniment :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive (:range Object))) (penman::annotate-concept ACCOMPANIMENT :doc-strings ("This relation holds between objects which participate jointly in some process. " "Accompaniment may be expressed as: `be with' ;" "or by a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition `with' as in: ... `with' . Note that it is not necessary for both of the" "participants to be aware of the participation. Thus both of the following sentences are" "examples of this relation: (1) John went for a walk with Mary. (2) John went for a walk" "with his umbrella. The relation also allows for variation in both a positive and negative" "direction. For example, `without' is also a type of accompaniment, albeit negative, as is" "`instead of', which is an accompaniment of alternative.") :lex-features (ACCOMPANIMENT)) (defreified-relation Additive :is (:and Accompaniment :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ADDITIVE :doc-strings ("One type of accompaniment that may holds between objects which participate jointly in some" "process. This form of accompaniment states that the accompaniment is positive and actual;" "it may be expressed by a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition `as well as'" "as in: ... `as well as' . The following" "sentences is an example of this relation: John went for a walk with Mary as well as Joan.") :lex-items (ASWELLAS)) (defreified-relation Alternative :is (:and Accompaniment :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ALTERNATIVE :doc-strings ("One type of accompaniment that may holds between objects which participate jointly in some" "process. This form of accompaniment states that the accompaniment is positive but" "replacing; i.e., that some object participated in a process or state as an alternative to" "some other. It may be expressed as a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition" "`instead'. as in: ... `with' . Note that it is" "not necessary for both of the participants to be aware of the participation. Thus both of" "the following sentences are examples of this relation: (1) John went for a walk with Joan" "instead of Mary. (2) John went for a walk with his blue shoes instead of his white ones.") :lex-items (INSTEADOF)) (defreified-relation Exclusive :is (:and Accompaniment :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept EXCLUSIVE :doc-strings ("A subtype of accompaniment that picks out the negative nature of accompaniment;" "an exclusive accompaniment indicates that accompaniment occured at the expense of," "or instead of some entity that did not accompany.") :lex-items (WITHOUT)) (defreified-relation Inclusive :is (:and Accompaniment :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept INCLUSIVE :doc-strings ("A subtype of accompaniment that picks out the positive nature of accompaniment;" "an exclusive accompaniment indicates that accompaniment occured in addition to" "some other entity that accompanies.") :lex-items (WITH)) (defreified-relation Comparison :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept COMPARISON :doc-strings ("This category encompasses relations which indicate how similar or dissimilar two entities" "are. One subcategory is so-far discriminated: SIMILARITY. Difference could be presented" "as a further subtype, and equality could be a further specialization of similarity. Verbs" "articulated by this category include: `resemble', `differ from', `be similar to', `be" "different than', `be like', `match', `fit', etc. A grammatical characteristic of entities" "in this category is that they are symmetric, i.e. subject and object can be interchanged" "without passivization. Note however, that the passive form is still possible. For example," "`` Henry resembles Joan. Joan resembles Henry. Joan is resembled by Henry.''")) (defreified-relation Difference :is (:and Comparison :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept DIFFERENCE :doc-strings ("A sub-type of the comparison relationship that picks out negative comparison.")) (defreified-relation Similarity :is (:and Comparison :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SIMILARITY :doc-strings ("A sub-type of the comparison relationship that picks out positive comparison.")) ; EXTENDED PARTICIPANT RELATIONS (defreified-relation Generalized-Means :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept GENERALIZED-MEANS :doc-strings ("A type of participant which can be agentive, manner, instrumental, or comparison." "It is a generalized notion that refers to the abstract concept of the means for" "actualizing some process.")) (defreified-relation Agentive :is (:and Generalized-Means Participant :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept AGENTIVE :doc-strings ("A type of participant and generalized-means that captures the notion" "of causal responsibility for a process' perfomance.")) (defreified-relation Enablement :is (:and Generalized-Means :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ENABLEMENT :doc-strings ("A type of generalized means; this relation refers to a possible enabling" "relationship between the actualization of some process or state of affairs" "and an entity, state of affairs, or other process.")) (defreified-relation Instrumental :is (:and Generalized-Means :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept INSTRUMENTAL :doc-strings ("Instrument is typically expressed as: ` + with' where cannot be `be'.")) (defreified-relation Manner :is (:and Generalized-Means :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept MANNER :doc-strings ("A circumstantial role of a process that describes the manner in which the process'" "actualization is achieved. Commonly realized by adverbs in English, although there" "are other possibilities also.") :lex-features (MANNER)) (defreified-relation Subject-Matter :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SUBJECT-MATTER :doc-strings ("Expressed as: be about, as in: ``This document is about the" "entity hierarchy.''") :lex-features (MATTER)) (defreified-relation Specific-Matter :is (:and Subject-Matter :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SPECIFIC-MATTER :doc-strings ("Distinguish between explicit focus on referent, and more general, diffuse reference") :lex-features (MATTER)) (defreified-relation Diffuse-Matter :is (:and Subject-Matter :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept DIFFUSE-MATTER :doc-strings ("Distinguish between explicit focus on referent, and more general, diffuse reference") :lex-features (MATTER)) (defreified-relation Of-Matter :is (:and Diffuse-Matter :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept OF-MATTER :doc-strings ("Preposition used for for diffuse process-reference in formal text") :lex-features (OF)) (defreified-relation Ordering-Relation :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ORDERING-RELATION :doc-strings ("The general relationship that holds between the parts of an ordered object.")) ; CAUSAL RELATIONS (defreified-relation Causal-Relation :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept CAUSAL-RELATION :doc-strings ("Causal-relation logically has two roles: cause (the domain) and effect (the range). At" "this most general level, causality may be expressed as: `because' , or" " `cause' .") :lex-features (CAUSE)) (defreified-relation Cause-Effect ;*** What is this concept for :is (:and Causal-Relation :primitive)) ;*** in comparison to other causals (penman::annotate-concept CAUSE-EFFECT :doc-strings ("This captures the relationship of one thing being the cause of another, the effect.")) (defreified-relation Concessive :is (:and Causal-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept CONCESSIVE :doc-strings ("One type of generalized causation relationship." "This relation states that something process occured despite some other event or state" "of affairs holding. It is typically realized in English by the preposition `despite'" "therefore.")) (defreified-relation Condition :is (:and Reason :primitive)) ; Need concept annotations (defreified-relation Purpose :is (:and Causal-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept PURPOSE :doc-strings ("PURPOSES capture the notion of why something was done. They may be motivational as with" "`reasons' but look forward rather than back.")) (defreified-relation Reason :is (:and Causal-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept REASON :doc-strings ("REASON captures the notion of motivation. Here the effect is volitional or intentional." "This relation is expressed by terms such as: `since', `because'. Examples include: " "``Henry went to the store because he needed milk.'' and ``since it was raining, Henry" "brought his umbrella.''") :lex-features (REASON)) ; SPATIO-TEMPORAL RELATIONS ;*** well organized ontology (defreified-relation Spatio-Temporal :is (:and Circumstantial :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SPATIO-TEMPORAL :doc-strings ("This describes the relation of two entites in space or time. Further specializations" "include TEMPORAL-RELATION and SPATIAL-RELATION.")) (defreified-relation Spatial-Relation :is (:and Spatio-Temporal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-RELATION :doc-strings ("SPATIAL RELATION is expressed as `be' ." "This category is further subdivided to choose the appropriate preposition.")) (defreified-relation Temporal-Relation :is (:and Spatio-Temporal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-RELATION :doc-strings ("TEMPORAL-RELATION is often expressed using `be at'. It may also be expressed" "as a prepositional phrase beginning with a preposition such as `before'" "or `after'. Further discriminations select between these possibilities.")) (defreified-relation Extent :is (:and Spatio-Temporal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept EXTENT :doc-strings ("A spatio-temporal relation of specifying the time that a state of affairs or process" "holds (e.g. `for 5 years'), or the extent in space taken (e.g. `across the bridge'," "`along the road').") :lex-features (EXTENT)) (defreified-relation Absolute-Extent :is (:and Extent :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ABSOLUTE-EXTENT :doc-strings ("A relationship of extent that is classified as absolute. Absolute here refers to a posited" "property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are treated by the" "grammar of English. Absolute spatio-temporal relationships are taken to be unchanging with" "respect to the observer. A relative relationship is one that moves with the observer. As" "an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still and allow the" "observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast to the notion" "of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by.") :lex-items (FOR)) (defreified-relation Relative-Extent :is (:and Extent :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RELATIVE-EXTENT :doc-strings ("A relationship of extent that is classified as relative. Relative here refers to a posited" "property of temporal and spatial relationships concerning how they are treated by the" "grammar of English. Relative spatio-temporal relationships are taken to `move along with'" "an observer. This contrasts with absolute relationships which do not accompany the" "observer. As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still and" "allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast to" "the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by.")) (defreified-relation Spatial-Extent :is (:and Extent Spatial-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-EXTENT :doc-strings ("The relationship of a process or object to a path or interval in space.")) (defreified-relation absolute-spatial-extent :is (:and absolute-extent spatial-extent :primitive)) (defreified-relation absolute-temporal-extent :is (:and absolute-extent temporal-extent :primitive)) (defreified-relation relative-spatial-extent :is (:and relative-extent spatial-extent :primitive)) (defreified-relation relative-temporal-extent :is (:and relative-extent temporal-extent :primitive)) (defreified-relation Nonparallel-Extent :is (:and Spatial-Extent Relative-Extent :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONPARALLEL-EXTENT :doc-strings ("A spatial locating that distinguishes the dimension of the extent relative to a direction" "of movement; this distinguishes `across' (nonparallel) type extents from `along' " "(parallel) type extents.") :lex-items (ACROSS)) (defreified-relation Parallel-Extent :is (:and Spatial-Extent Relative-Extent :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept PARALLEL-EXTENT :doc-strings ("A spatial locating that distinguishes the dimension of the extent relative to a direction" "of movement; this distinguishes `across' (nonparallel) type extents from `along' " "(parallel) type extents.") :lex-items (ALONG)) (defreified-relation Temporal-Extent :is (:and Extent Temporal-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-EXTENT :doc-strings ("The relationship of a process or object to a path or interval in time.")) ;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION absolute-temporal-extent :PRIMITIVE ; (:SPECIALIZES absolute-extent temporal-extent) ; (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))) ;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION relative-temporal-extent :PRIMITIVE ; (:SPECIALIZES relative-extent temporal-extent) ; (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))) (defreified-relation Exhaustive-Duration :is (:and Temporal-Extent Relative-Extent :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept EXHAUSTIVE-DURATION :doc-strings ("An exhaustive duration is a relation which specifies that the process or state" "participating in the relation is one which holds for the entire extent of the" "temporal interval participating in the relation. It is typically realized in" "English by the preposition `during'.") :lex-items (DURING)) (defreified-relation Nonexhaustive-Duration :is (:and Temporal-Extent Relative-Extent :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONEXHAUSTIVE-DURATION :doc-strings ("An nonexhaustive duration is a relation which specifies that the process or state" "participating in the relation is one which does not hold for the entire extent of the" "temporal interval participating in the relation. It is typically realized in" "English by the preposition `in'.") :lex-items (IN)) (defreified-relation Locating :is (:and Spatio-Temporal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept LOCATING :doc-strings ("The relation of locating an entity in time or space.") :lex-items (LOCATION)) (defreified-relation Spatial-Locating :is (:and Locating Spatial-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-LOCATING :doc-strings ("The relationship between an object or process and its location in space.")) (defreified-relation Static-Spatial :is (:and Spatial-Locating :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept STATIC-SPATIAL :doc-strings ("A sub-type of spatial locating relations that do not include any element of movement" "with respect to the location specified.")) (defreified-relation Containment :is (:and Static-Spatial :primitive ( :range three-d-location))) (penman::annotate-concept CONTAINMENT :doc-strings ("The relation between an object an its environment in terms of its containment ")) (defreified-relation Contained :is (:and Containment :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept CONTAINED :doc-strings ("A sub-type of the containment relationship that specified that an object is inside its environment.")) (defreified-relation Notcontained :is (:and Containment :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NOTCONTAINED :doc-strings ("A sub-type of the containment relationship that specified that an object is outside its environment.")) (defreified-relation Source-Destination :is (:and Spatial-Locating :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SOURCE-DESTINATION :doc-strings ("The general relationship between a (possibly abstract) motion and the place from where it" "is coming or to where it is going.")) (defreified-relation Destination :is (:and Source-Destination :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Destination :lex-items (to towards)) (penman::annotate-concept DESTINATION :doc-strings ("In a process of (possibly abstract) motion, the relation between the process and the place" "to which the motion is heading.") :lex-items (TO TOWARDS)) (defreified-relation Source :is (:and Source-Destination :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SOURCE :doc-strings ("In a process of (possibly abstract) motion, the relation between the process and the place" "from which the motion is coming.") :lex-items (FROM AWAY-FROM)) (defreified-relation Orienting :is (:and Spatial-Locating :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ORIENTING :doc-strings ("A relationship of spatial locating thatincludes a specification relative to some" "dimension or orientation axis; e.g. with respect to a vertical plane, in front vs." "behind, or with respect to a horizontal plane, above vs. below.")) (defreified-relation Spatial-Ordering :is (:and ;Static-Spatial ; RAW Orienting Ordering-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SPATIAL-ORDERING :doc-strings ("The ordering relation that can hold between points or intervals in space.")) (defreified-relation Horizontal :is (:and Spatial-Ordering :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept HORIZONTAL :doc-strings ("The general relation of spatial locating that determines whether there is an orientation" "to some dimension being expressed. Horizontal naturally refers to the orientation of the" "plane relative to which location is to be expressed. It constrasts with vertical and is a" "subtype of orienting.")) (defreified-relation Behind :is (:and Horizontal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept BEHIND :doc-strings ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a vertical plane.") :lex-items (BEHIND)) (defreified-relation Beside :is (:and Horizontal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept BESIDE :doc-strings ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a vertical plane." "It is typically realized in English by the prepositions ` beside, next to'.")) (defreified-relation Between :is (:and Horizontal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept BETWEEN :doc-strings ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a vertical plane.") :lex-items (BETWEEN)) (defreified-relation Facing :is (:and Horizontal :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept FACING :doc-strings ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a vertical plane." "It is typically realized in English by the preposition `in front of'.")) (defreified-relation Vertical :is (:and Spatial-Ordering :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept VERTICAL :doc-strings ("The general relation of spatial locating that determines whether there is an orientation" "to some dimension being expressed. Vertical naturally refers to the orientation of the" "plane relative to which location is to be expressed. It constrasts with horizontal and is" "a subtype of orienting.")) (defreified-relation Above :is (:and Vertical :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ABOVE :doc-strings ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a horizontal plane.") :lex-items (ABOVE)) (defreified-relation Below :is (:and Vertical :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept BELOW :doc-strings ("A type of spatial relation that shows orientation with respect to a horizontal plane.") :lex-items (BELOW)) (defreified-relation Nonorienting :is (:and Spatial-Locating :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONORIENTING :doc-strings ("A relationship of spatial locating that does not include a specification relative to some" "dimension or orientation axis; e.g. with respect to a vertical plane, in front vs." "behind, or with respect to a horizontal plane, above vs. below. Nonorienting locations" "are concerned with reference points, lines, and volumes.") :lex-items (AT IN ON)) (defreified-relation Temporal-Locating :is (:and Locating Temporal-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-LOCATING :doc-strings ("The relationship between an object or process and its location in time.")) (defreified-relation Temporal-Ordering :is (:and Temporal-Locating Ordering-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-ORDERING :doc-strings ("The ordering relation that can hold between points or intervals in time.")) (defreified-relation Concurrent :is (:and Temporal-Ordering :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Concurrent :doc-strings ("Concurrent temporal intervals overlap or occupy the same moments of time.")) (defreified-relation Temporal-Inclusive :is (:and concurrent :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Temporal-Inclusive :doc-strings ("In a temporal inclusive relation, the first interval completely includes or covers the second.") :lex-items (WHILE)) (defreified-relation Temporal-Noninclusive :is (:and concurrent :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Temporal-noninclusive :doc-strings ("In a temporal noninclusive relation, the two intervals overlap," "but neither completely includes the other.") :lex-items (WHEN)) (defreified-relation Extremal :is (:and Temporal-Ordering :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept EXTREMAL :doc-strings ("A relation of temporal locating that explicitly orients to the end point of an interval;" "this establishes contrasts such as `until' (extremal) vs. `before' (nonextremal), and" "`since' (extremal) vs. `after' (nonextremal).") :lex-items (UNTIL SINCE)) (defreified-relation Nonextremal :is (:and Temporal-Ordering :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NONEXTREMAL :doc-strings ("A relationship of temporal locating that is not oriented to the end points of an interval;" "examples of this distinction are: `until' (extremal) vs. `before' (nonextremal), and" "`since' (extremal) vs. `after' (nonextremal).") :lex-items (AFTER BEFORE)) (defreified-relation Posterior :is (:and Temporal-Ordering :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept POSTERIOR :doc-strings ("A relation between intervals that specifies their order in time. A type of temporal" "locating, a circumstantial (somewhere under relational process) with range of a time" "interval and a commented out domain of a process. Here one interval is said to follow" "another.") :lex-items (AFTER SINCE)) (defreified-relation Anterior :is (:and Temporal-Ordering :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ANTERIOR :doc-strings ("A relation between intervals that specifies their order in time. A type of temporal" "locating, a spatio-temporal circumstantial. Here one interval is said to be prior to" "another.") :lex-items (UNTIL BEFORE)) (defreified-relation Precede :is (:and Nonextremal Anterior :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept PRECEDE :doc-strings ("A temporal relationship of strict precedence; it is therefore anterior and nonextremal." "It is used particularly in tense reasoning by the grammar.") :lex-items (BEFORE)) (defreified-relation Follow :is (:and Nonextremal Posterior :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept FOLLOW :doc-strings ("A temporal relationship of strict precedence; it is therefore posterior and nonextremal." "It is an inverse to the precede relation that is used in tense reasoning by the grammar.") :lex-items (AFTER)) (defreified-relation Temporal-Nonordering :is (:and Temporal-Locating :primitive)) (defreified-relation Posterior-Extremal :is (:and Extremal Posterior :primitive)) (defreified-relation since :is (:and Posterior-Extremal :primitive)) (defreified-relation Anterior-Extremal :is (:and Extremal Anterior :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept TEMPORAL-NONORDERING :doc-strings ("A class of temporal relations that do not impose any ordering on the points or intervals" "they hold over. Examples of these would typically be realized in English by the" "prepositions `in', `at', `on', etc.") :lex-items (AT IN ON)) ; GENERALIZED POSSESSION (defreified-relation Generalized-Possession :is (:and Two-Place-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept GENERALIZED-POSSESSION :doc-strings ("Generalized-possession logically has two roles: POSSESSOR (the domain) and POSSESSED (the" "range). The notion of generalized possession is often expressed as: `has'" ". In general, relations in this category can also be expressed with a" "possessive form, e.g. `John's book', `Henry's sister'.") :lex-features (POSSESSION) :lex-items (HAVE-POSSESSION)) (defreified-relation Generalized-Possession-Inverse :is (:and (:inverse Generalized-Possession)(:concept Two-Place-Relation) :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Generalized-Possession-Inverse :doc-strings ("The inverse of the Generalized-Possession relation.")) (defreified-relation Generalized-Role-Relation :is (:and Generalized-Possession :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Generalized-Role-Relation :doc-strings ("The generalized perspective on an entity that `has some relationship' with another. When" "no more specific information concerning available grammatical realizations is given," "subtypes () of this relationship can be used to generate language of the for m: " "`` has as '' or ``'s is ''.") :lex-features (POSSESSION) :lex-items (HAVE-POSSESSION)) (defreified-relation Name-Of :is (:and Generalized-Possession :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NAME-OF :doc-strings ("The relation that holds betwen a name and its bearer.")) (defreified-relation Ownership :is (:and Generalized-Possession :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept OWNERSHIP :doc-strings ("This is a relation between the owner of an object and the object. This is a specialization" "of generalized-possession. It has the same roles as generalized-possession, but the" "possessor role could be value-restricted to ACTIVE-ENTITY. Ownership may be expressed as" "`` `own' '' or `` `belongs to' ''. ")) (defreified-relation Owned-By :is (:and (:inverse Ownership)(:concept Generalized-Possession-Inverse) :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Owned-By :doc-strings ("The inverse of the Ownership relation.")) (defreified-relation Part-Whole :is (:and Generalized-Possession :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept PART-WHOLE :doc-strings ("This is a relation between an entity and its parts. It logically has two roles:" "WHOLE (the domain) and PART (the range). How this relation is expressed in the" "language seems to depend on the type of object that fills the WHOLE role." "At the most general level, this relation can be expressed as:" "`` `be an element of' '' or `` `be a component of' ''.")) (defreified-relation Part :is (:and Part-Whole :primitive) :domain Decomposable-Object :range Object) (penman::annotate-concept PART :doc-strings ; ("One of the participants in a part-whole relation.") seems to be wrong!!! ;r.hen ("A specialization of the part-whole relation in which the whole is value-restricted to a decomposable object") :lex-items (PART-NOMINALIZATION-COUNTABLE PART-NOMINALIZATION-UNCOUNTABLE PART)) (defreified-relation Part-Of :is (:and (:inverse Part)(:concept Generalized-Possession-Inverse) :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Part-Of :doc-strings ("The inverse of the Part relation.") :lex-items (PART-NOMINALIZATION-COUNTABLE PART-NOMINALIZATION-UNCOUNTABLE PART BE)) ;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION process-result :PRIMITIVE ; (:SPECIALIZES generalized-possession) ; (:DOMAIN process) ; (:RANGE object) ; (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))) ;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION social-association :PRIMITIVE ; (:SPECIALIZES generalized-possession) ; (:DOMAIN conscious-being) ; (:RANGE conscious-being) ; (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))) ;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION structured-association :PRIMITIVE ; (:SPECIALIZES generalized-possession) ; (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))) ;************************************************************* ;**** this should be put into a text base later !!! ********** ;**** it has nothing to do with ideational information ****** ;**** and violates design principle 3. ********* ; ----------------------------------------------------------- ; RST Relations ; ----------------------------------------------------------- (defreified-relation Rhetorical-Relation :is (:and Two-Place-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RHETORICAL-RELATION :doc-strings ("The ideational class of inter-clause relations specified in the theory of Rhetorical" "Structure Theory; for details of which see the appropriate literature. Most RST relations" "have a central element, called the NUCLEUS (the domain), and some supporting elements," "called SATELLITES (the range).")) (defreified-relation Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :is (:and Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ASYMMETRIC-RHETORICAL-RELATION :doc-strings ("The relationships defined in Rhetorical Structure Theory have nuclear elements (domain)" "and satellites (range). The nuclear element is the one that is essential for achieving the" "goal of a particular relation; satellites serves auxiliary, supporting roles." "Those RST relations which have only one nucleus assign different importance to" "the parts of the discourse they relate -- one part is nuclear, the others are not --" "these are therefore called asymmetric rhetorical relations.")) (defreified-relation RST-Background :is (:and Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-BACKGROUND :doc-strings ("A background relation presents some information that" "is necessary to understand the content or motivation for the main part of the" "text being presented. ") :lex-items (ALTHOUGH)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-Background :lex-items (although)) (defreified-relation RST-Concessive :is (:and Concessive Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-CONCESSIVE :doc-strings ("A concession is a relation between text presenting a situation that the speaker has" "positive regard for and text presenting a situation that the speaker does not claim" "not to hold, but, although there is a potential or apparent incompatibility between" "those situations, the speaker wants to have them accepted as compatible and, in" "so doing, to increase the hearer's regard for the first situation also.") :lex-items (ALTHOUGH)) (defreified-relation RST-Elaboration :is (:and Elaboration Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-ELABORATION :doc-strings ("A relation between some subject matter and further elaborating information which is" "presented as being inferentially accessible to that subject matter in a number of" "ways as given by the subtypes.") :lex-items (FOR-EXAMPLE)) (defreified-relation RST-Elaboration-Attribute :is (:and RST-Elaboration :primitive)) (defreified-relation RST-Elaboration-General-Specific :is (:and RST-Elaboration :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-ELABORATION-GENERAL-SPECIFIC :doc-strings ("A relation between some subject and further elaborating information which is presented" "as being inferentially accessible by virtue of a generalization-specific relationship.")) (defreified-relation RST-Elaboration-Process-Step :is (:and RST-Elaboration :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-ELABORATION-PROCESS-STEP :doc-strings ("A relation between some subject matter and further elaborating information which is" "presented as being inferentially accessible by virtue of one being a step in the process" "specified by the other.")) (defreified-relation RST-Enablement :is (:and Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-ENABLEMENT :doc-strings ("A relationship between parts of a text such that the hearer's understanding of the range" "increases the hearer's potential ability to perform the action specified by the domain.") :lex-items (SOTHAT)) (defreified-relation RST-Logical-Condition :is (:and asymmetric-rhetorical-relation logical-condition :primitive)) (defreified-relation RST-Means :is (:and Generalized-Means Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-MEANS :doc-strings ("Used when the range is to be presented as a means for achieving or performing the activity" "given as the domain.") :lex-items (INORDER)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-Means :lex-items (inorder)) (defreified-relation RST-Motivation :is (:and Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-MOTIVATION :doc-strings ("A relationship between parts of a text such that the hearer's understanding of the" "range increases the hearer's desire to perform the action specified by the domain.") :lex-items (BECAUSE)) (defreified-relation RST-Nonvolitional-Cause :is (:and Cause-Effect Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-NONVOLITIONAL-CAUSE :doc-strings ("This relation is used when the hearer is desired to recognize that the situation presented" "by the range is a cause for the nonvolitional action presented in the domain.") :lex-items (THEREFORE)) (defreified-relation RST-Nonvolitional-Result :is (:and Cause-Effect Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-NONVOLITIONAL-RESULT :doc-strings ("This relation is used when the hearer is desired to recognize that the situation presented" "by the domain could be a cause for the nonvolitional action or result of a nonvolitional" "action presented in the range.") :lex-items (BECAUSE)) ;(DEFREIFIED-RELATION RST-part :PRIMITIVE ; (:SPECIALIZES asymmetric-rhetorical-relation part) ; (:ANNOTATIONS (UPPER-MODEL-NODE T))) (defreified-relation RST-Purpose :is (:and Purpose Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-PURPOSE :doc-strings ("Used when it is required that the hearer recognize that the activity specified in the" "domain is initiated in order to realize the activity or state of affairs presented in the" "range.") :lex-items (INORDER SOTHAT)) (defreified-relation RST-Volitional-Cause :is (:and Cause-Effect Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-VOLITIONAL-CAUSE :doc-strings ("This relation is used when the hearer is desired to recognize that the situation presented" "by the range is a cause for the volitional action presented in the domain.")) (defreified-relation RST-Volitional-Result :is (:and Cause-Effect Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-VOLITIONAL-RESULT :doc-strings ("This relation is used when the hearer is desired to recognize that the situation presented" "by the domain could be a cause for the volitional action or result of" "a volitional action presented in the range.")) (defreified-relation Symmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :is (:and Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept SYMMETRIC-RHETORICAL-RELATION :doc-strings ("The relationships defined in Rhetorical Structure Theory have nuclear elements" "and satellites. The nuclear element is the one that is essential for achieving the" "goal of a particular relation; satellites serves auxiliary, supporting roles." "Those RST relations which have only one nucleus assign different importance to" "the parts of the discourse they relate. Those that have a number of nuclear" "elements assign equal status to those elements; " "these are therefore called SYMMETRIC RHETORICAL RELATIONS.")) (defreified-relation RST-Contrastive :is (:and Symmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-CONTRASTIVE :doc-strings ("A relation between any number of parts of a text which states that those parts are" "to be comprehended as the same in many respects, differing with respect to a few," "and are to be compared with reference to those few.") :lex-items (IN-CONTRAST HOWEVER)) (defreified-relation RST-Sequence :is (:and Temporal-Ordering Symmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RST-SEQUENCE :doc-strings ("This relation relates a number of equally important nuclei; it is used when the" "hearer is to recognize a succession relationship among those nuclei.") :lex-items (THEN)) ; LOGICAL RELATIONS (defreified-relation Logical :is (:and Two-Place-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept LOGICAL :doc-strings ("Relations that combine process or states of affairs into larger, composite processes or" "states of affairs, either conjunctively (e.g. `and'), or disjunctively (e.g. `or'), or" "by providing more information in an elaboration.")) (defreified-relation Conjunction :is (:and Logical :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept CONJUNCTION :doc-strings ("A relation of logical additive combination of process or states of affairs; often" "realized by conjoining with `and'.") :lex-items (AND ALSO IN-ADDITION)) (defreified-relation Disjunction :is (:and Logical :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept DISJUNCTION :doc-strings ("A relation of logical disjunctive combination of process or states of affairs; often" "realized by conjoining with `or'.") :lex-items (OR ALTERNATIVELY)) (defreified-relation Elaboration :is (:and Logical :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ELABORATION :doc-strings ("A logical relationship between processes and objects of providing more information" "concerning those processes or objects; this includes restating and providing examples.") :lex-items (EG FOR-EXAMPLE)) (defreified-relation Exemplification :is (:and Elaboration :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept EXEMPLIFICATION :doc-strings ("The relation between some thing/process and an example of that thing/process.")) (defreified-relation Restatement :is (:and Elaboration :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept RESTATEMENT :doc-strings ("A type of elaboration that provides further information by restating in different terms.") :lex-items (I.E.)) (defreified-relation Logical-Condition :is (:and Logical :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept Logical-Condition :doc-strings ("A type of logical relation in which one process is related to another as a condition.") :lex-items (IF)) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (defconcept Interpersonal-Thing :is :primitive) (penman::annotate-concept INTERPERSONAL-THING :doc-strings ("Separates a portion of the hierarchy that is concerned with interpersonal entities" "rather than with ideational ones; i.e. entities concerned with the speaker's role in the" "communicative process rather than with the subject matter ofwhat is being communicated.")) (defconcept Speech-Act :is (:and Interpersonal-Thing :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Question Command Assertion Answer)) (penman::annotate-concept SPEECH-ACT :doc-strings ("The interpersonal type of act performed by a speech act.")) (defconcept Answer :is (:and Speech-Act :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ANSWER :lex-items (YES NO)) (defconcept Assertion :is (:and Speech-Act :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept ASSERTION :doc-strings ("The speech act of assertion that something is the case.")) (defconcept Command :is (:and Speech-Act :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept COMMAND :doc-strings ("The speech act of commanding that something be the case.")) (defconcept Question :is (:and Speech-Act :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept QUESTION :doc-strings ("The speech act of questioning whether something is the case.")) (defconcept Polarity :is (:and Interpersonal-Thing :primitive) :disjoint-covering (Polarity-Variable Negative Positive)) (penman::annotate-concept POLARITY :doc-strings ("An interpersonal entity concerned with the speech act force;" "in particular, with respect to whether a speech act is positive" "or negative -- e.g., as in assertion vs. denial.")) (defconcept Positive :is (:and Polarity :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept POSITIVE :doc-strings ("An interpersonal speech act modification along the dimension of polarity--in the positive" "direction.")) (defconcept Negative :is (:and Polarity :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept NEGATIVE :doc-strings ("An interpersonal speech act modification along the dimension of polarity--in the negative" "direction.")) (defconcept Polarity-Variable :is (:and Polarity :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept POLARITY-VARIABLE :doc-strings ("A third possible type of polarity in addition to positive and negative; if the polarity" "itself is unknown or being questioned for example -- as in yes/no questions.")) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; "UTILITY" concepts and relations--not part of the Upper Model. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (defconcept spl-consumed :is :primitive) (defrelation doc-strings :is :primitive) (defrelation lex-features :is :primitive) (defrelation lex-items :is :primitive) (defconcept identifiable :is :primitive) ;;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ;;; additions as of June 99... ;;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ;;; (1) for Brigitte's concession additions... (defreified-relation EXT-Concessive :is (:and Concessive Cause-Effect Asymmetric-Rhetorical-Relation :primitive)) (penman::annotate-concept EXT-CONCESSIVE :doc-strings ("A concession is a relation between text presenting a situation that ...") :lex-items (ALTHOUGH))