Notional(ly-grounded Dependency) Grammar Links
... to web available material of essentially introductory, synoptic and/or supplementary character which looks at some of the matters dealt with in NG work from a range of related and not so related theoretical perspectives.
[Links last checked/updated: January 2014.]
“... most of us cultivate our own garden reasonably conscientiously,
but have very little idea of what is happening in other people’s gardens.”
(Dick Hudson, 1990ff. Series editor's preface to the Routledge Linguistic Theory Guides)
“Selber, selber, da lachen doch die Kälber.” ≈ “... and the same to you with brass knobs on.”
Richard Hudson maintains a webpage dedicated to his particular variant of a Dependency Grammar known as Word Grammar (WG) with downloadables of both published and unpublished work in WG. The list of Hudson's papers includes a number of synoptic pieces on WG
| • | Word Grammar (1998/2002) [published in: Kensei Sugayama, Kensei, ed. 2002. Studies in Word Grammar. 7-32. Kobe: Research Institute of Foreign Studies, Kobe City University of Foreign Studies.] |
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| • | Word Grammar (2003) [published in: Cuyckens, Hubert and Dirk Geeraerts, eds. 2007. The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. 509-542. Oxford: Oxford University Press.] |
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| • | Word Grammar (2009) [published in: Heine, Bernd and Heiko Narrog, eds. 2009. The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis. 951-983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.] |
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| • | Dependency grammar (and syntactic government) (2013) | |
as well as work on more specific topics such as
| • | Trouble on the left periphery (2002) | |
| • | Are determiners heads? (2003/2007) | |
| • | Constructions in Word Grammar (2001/2005) [co-authored with Jasper Holmes] | |
| • | Lexical semantics and syntax: commercial transactions reanalyzed (2008) | |
More WG material is available on the web from the UCL Working Papers in Linguistics whose electronic editions have included
| • | Kreps, Christian (1996). Dependency, licensing and the nature of grammatical relations. UCLWPL 8 |  |
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| • | Rosta, And (1996). S-dependency. UCLWPL 8 | |
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| • | Hudson, Richard (1998). Adjunct preposing, wh-interrogatives and dependency competition. UCLWPL 10 | |
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| • | Holmes, Jasper (1999). The syntax and semantics of causative verbs. UCLWP 11 | |
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| • | Hudson, Richard (2000). Gerunds and multiple default inheritance. UCLWPL 12 | |
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| • | Hudson, Richard (2001). Clitics in Word Grammar. UCLWPL 13 | |
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Dependency grammar matters (from a WG perspective) are dealt with in more detail in a set of downloadable handouts, which Hudson prepared for his advanced course
at the 2000 ESSLLI summer school in Birmingham.
The late Stanley Starosta (1939-2002) maintained a webpage at the University of Hawai'i devoted to his model of a lexicon-driven dependency-based Lexicase Grammar. Both the homepage and the Lexicase Grammar page have remained fully functional after Starosta's untimely death in July 2002 and provide links to Lexicase dependency grammar: an on-line reference manual as well as to a good number of published and unpublished papers by Starosta (which, however, appear to be accessible only via Stanley Starosta's webpage).
The University of Hawai'i has a webpage In memoriam of Stanley Starosta with tributes by friends, colleagues and students.
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Work in yet another dependency-based framework is to be found at Igor Mel'cuk's homepage at the Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte (OLST) within the University of Montreal. Mel'cuk's conception of the role of dependency relations in grammar provides (one of) the backbone(s) of Meaning-Text Theory (MTT) – an offspring of work done on machine translation in the USSR in the 1960s, which insists on a central position in grammatical description and analysis of the lexicon, the primacy of semantics over syntax and the use of dependency representations in syntax – and is laid out in his
| • | Mel'cuk, Igor (2003). Levels of dependency in linguistic description: Concepts and problems. [published in: Ágel, V., Eichinger, L., Eroms, H.-W., Hellwig, P., Heringer, H. J. and H. Lobin, eds. 2003. Dependency and Valency. An International Handbook of Contemporary Research. Vol. 1. 188-229. Berlin: de Gruyter. |
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Recent MTT work can be found at the MTT website, which has the indivual contributions to the proceedings of MTT's biannual international conferences (2003-2011) in downloadable format, including among others:
| • | Mel'cuk, Igor (2003). Actants | |
| • | Joshi, Aravind K. & Owen Rambow (2003). A formalism for dependency grammar based on Tree Adjoining Grammar | |
The OLST was closely affiliated with the (now defunct) TALANA (Traitement Automatique du Langage Natural) research group at the Université Paris 7. The group's firm grounding in dependency grammar is evident in the work of, among others, Sylvain Kahane, whose webpage hosts a number of papers in dependency grammar, among them:
| • | Kahane, Sylvain (2001). Word order in German: A formal dependency grammar using a topological hierarchy | |
| • | Kahane, Sylvain (2002/2009). On the status of phrases in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar – Illustration by a totally lexical treatment of extraction | |
| • | Kahane, Sylvain & Kim Gerdes (2011). Defining dependencies (and constituents) | |
The former Dependency Grammar website at Charles University Prague, which went out of existence with Geert-Jan Kruijff seeking his fortune in Human-Robot Interaction, has partially re-surfaced on the web as DepLing/Dependency Linguistics. The site primarily serves to promote Depling's biannual International Dependency Linguistics Conference, of which at present the Proceedings of Depling 2011 and Proceedings of Depling 2013 are available in electronic format (the latter accessible via the ACL/Association for Computational Linguistics website). These include -- apart from a wealth of work in dependency grammar with a decidedly computational orientation:
| • | Mel'čuk, Igor (2011). Dependency in language | |
| • | Osborne, Timothy (2011). Type 2 rising: A contribution to a DG account of discontinuities | |
| • | Groß, Thomas (2011). Clitics in dependency morphology | |
| • | Groß, Thomas (2011). Catenae in morphology | |
| • | Hudson, Richard (2013). Dependency structure and cognition | |
| • | Joshi, Aravind K. (2013). Dependency representations, grammars, folded structures, among other things! | |
| • | Maxwell, Dan (2013). Why so many nodes? | |
| • | Osborne, Timothy (2013). A look at Tesnière's Éléments through the lens of modern syntactic theory | |
Timothy Osborne has taken on the laudable task of authoring and/or editing the Wikipedia entries for (among others) Dependency Grammar, Discontinuity, and Catena ('chain'). The particular descriptive model of a Dependency Grammar which informs the pertinent Wikipedia entries is laid out in the Catena-based Dependency Grammar webpage maintained by Thomas M. Groß (Aichi University, Aichi-ken/Japan) and a number of recent papers, including the following that are freely available on the web:
| • | Groß, Thomas M. and Timothy Osborne. (2009). Toward a practical DG theory of discontinuities. SKY Journal of Linguistics 22. 43-90. | |
| • | Groß, Thomas M. (2010). Chains in syntax and morphology | |
| • | Osborne, Timothy, Putnum, Michael and Thomas M. Gross (2011). Bare phrase structure, label-less trees, and specifier-less syntax. Is Minimalism becoming a dependency grammar? The Linguistic Review 28 (2011), 315–364. [available from Mike Putnam's webpage upon prior signing up with Academia.edu] |
Lexical Decomposition Grammar (LDG) has a (strictly no-funky-design-gimmickry) page at the University of Düsseldorf which lays out the basic architecture of the LDG model. Work in LDG (up to 2005) can be accessed via Dieter Wunderlich's former homepage at the University of Düsseldorf. More recent LDG work by D. Wunderlich is hosted at ZAS (Zentrum für allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin). The selection of papers referenced below focusses on Wunderlich's LDG work on argument structure, linking and case.
| • | Wunderlich, Dieter (2000). Predicate composition and argument extension as general options. [published in: Stiebels, Barbara and Dieter Wunderlich, eds. 2000. Lexicon in Focus, 247-270. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.] |
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| • | Wunderlich, Dieter and Renate Lakämper (2001). On the interaction of structural and semantic case. Lingua 111, 377-418. | |
| • | Wunderlich, Dieter (2002). Argument linking types – approached from the perspective of LDG. [published in: Suzuki, H., ed. 2002. Report of the special research-project for the typological investigation of languages and cultures of the East and West 2001, Part II. 777-799. University of Tsukuba (Japan).] |
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| • | Wunderlich, Dieter (2003). Optimal case patterns: German and Icelandic compared. [published in: Brandner, Ellen and Zinsmeister, Heike. eds. 2003. New perspectives on case theory, 329-365. Stanford: CSLI Publications.] |
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| • | Wunderlich, Dieter (2006). Argument hierarchy and other factors determining argument realization. [published in: Bornkessel, Ina et al., eds. 2006. Semantic role universals and argument linking. 15-52. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.] |
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| • | Wunderlich, Dieter (2012). Lexical decomposition in grammar. [published in: Werning, Markus, Hinzen, Wolfram and Edouard Machery, eds. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality, 307-327. Oxford: Oxford University Press.] |
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| • | Wunderlich, Dieter (2012). Operations on argument structure. [published in: Maienborn, Claudia, von Heusinger, Klaus and Paul Portner, eds. 2012. Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning. Vol.3. 2224-2259. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.] |
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A somewhat similar range of topics is covered (albeit in its very own theoretical terms) by the Role and Reference Grammar site maintained by Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. (SUNY, Buffalo). Apart from van Valin's
| • | Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (1998). Introduction to Role and Reference Grammar | |
work available from the site includes
| • | Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (1999). Cross linguistic patterns of linking | |
| • | Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (1999). Generalized semantic roles and the syntax-semantics interface | |
| • | Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (2001). The Role and Reference Grammar analysis of three-place predicates | |
| • | Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (2001). Minimalism and explanation | |
| • | Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (2002). Semantic macroroles in Role and Reference Grammar | |
| • | Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (2004). Lexical representation, co-composition, and linking syntax and semantics | |
| • | Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (2010). Head-marking languages and linguistic theory | |
The Construction Grammar (ConG) site maintained by Mirjam Fried (Charles University, Prague) has a bibliography of Construction Grammar work and links to ConG activists' homepages, but little in terms of downloadable papers. Early ConG stuff appears to be accessible still from Charles Fillmore and Paul Kay's Berkeley Construction Grammar site as well as from Paul Kay's homepage. Recent work by Charles Fillmore is available at the Framenet site.
Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) is well-represented on the web by the LFG site at The University of Essex (UK) and the homepage of the International Lexical Functional Grammar Association. A wealth of downloadable LFG work is available through the LFG Conference Proceedings (1996-to date) hosted by CLSI Online Publictions (Stanford University). Of the vast LFG resources available on the web the following items are referenced here for their synoptic character and/or focus on LFG's so-called Lexical Mapping Theory.
| • | Asudeh, Ash and Ida Toivonen (2009). Lexical-Functional Grammar | |
| • | Butt, Miriam (2008). Case in Lexical-Functional Grammar | |
| • | Her, One-Soon (2013). Lexical mapping theory revisited | |
| • | Kibort, Anna (2007). Extending the applicability of lexical mapping theory | |
| • | Moore, John and Farrell Ackermann (2001). Dowtyian proto-properties and lexical mapping theory | |
Functionalist approaches are represented by, among others, the Functional Grammar site devoted to the brand of functionalism developed by the late Simon C. Dik (1940-1995) and his associates. The site provides an introductory
and also hosts the Working Papers in Functional Grammar (in downloadable pdf-format up to 2005). The FG model has seen several revisions and expansions since its original formulation by S.C. Dik and is known in its present form as Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). Current web-accessible FDG work can be found in the Web Papers in Functional Discourse Grammar and the webpages maintained by FDG's principal workers, J. Lachlan Mackenzie and Kees Hengeveld.
Among 'non-affiliated' functionalist work that of Scott DeLancey stands out for its decidedly localist(ic) leanings. DeLancey's pages at the University of Oregon have his (2001) LSA Summer Institute course on
| • | Functional Syntax | |
comprising a series of nine lectures which cover, among other topics, lexical categories, localistically interpreted argument structures, grammaticalization, and the typology of grammatical relations. In DeLancey's list of publications the following items (whose weblinks, unfortunately, seem to have temporarily gone 404) may likewise be of interest to readers with a concern for localist(ic) work:
| • | DeLancey, Scott (1991). Event construal and case role assignment. (BLS 17) |  |
| • | DeLancey, Scott (1995). Verbal case frames in English and Tibetan | |
| • | DeLancey, Scott (1997). What an innatist argument should look like. [published in: Haukioja, T., Helasvuo, M.-L. and M. Miestamo, eds. SKY 1997 (1997 Yearbook of the Linguistic Association of Finland), 7-24.] |
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Work by Christian Lehmann on similar range of topics as are dealt with in DeLancey's Functional Syntax is available from Lehmann's site and the Erfurt University Working Papers in Linguistics ASSidUE.
| • | Lehmann, Christian, Shin,Yong-Min and Elisabeth Verhoeven. (2000/2004). Person prominence and relation prominence. On the typology of syntactic relations with special reference to Yucatec Maya. (ASSidUE 12). Universität Erfurt: Seminar für Sprachwissenschaft. | |
| • | Lehmann, Christian, Shin,Yong-Min and Elisabeth Verhoeven (2000/2004). Direkte und indirekte Partizipation. Zur Typologie der sprachlichen Repräsentation konzeptueller Relationen. (ASSidUE13). Universität Erfurt: Seminar für Sprachwissenschaft. | |
| • | Lehmann, Christian (2006). Participant roles, thematic roles and syntactic relations. [published in: Tsunoda, Tasaku & Taro Kageyama, eds. 2006. Voice and grammatical relations. Festschrift for Masayoshi Shibatani. 167-190. Amsterdam: Benjamins.] |
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| • | Lehmann, Christian (2013). The nature of parts of speech. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 66.2, 141-177. | |
| • | Lehmann, Christian (to appear). Situation types, valency frames and operations. [to appear in: Comrie, B. and A. Malchukov, eds. (forthcoming).Valency Classes. A Comparative Handbook. Berlin: de Gruyter.] |
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Also available in the ASSidUE series is (a revised version of) Lehmann's influential work on grammaticalization which originally made its appearance in 1982 in the University of Cologne Working Papers in Linguistics (AKUP):
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Research in Integrational Linguistics informed by the work of Hans-Heinrich Lieb and his associates can be accessed via the Integrational Linguistics homepage at the Free University Berlin. Among the material hosted are some introductory online texts dealing with the basic characteristics and the development of Integrational Linguistics along with a comprehensive bibliography of IL work.
Seeing that a large part of the work referred to so far has a decided focus on the perennial questions of predicate-argument structure, argument linking etc., this link list should – for the sake of 'non-parochial gardening' – not fail to mention Beth Levin's and Malka Rappaport Hovav's joint work on verb semantics and lexical semantic structure. Their conception of the interfacing of lexical semantic structure of, in particular, verbs and the syntax of argument expression is laid out in a number of papers which can be accessed via Beth Levin 's publications page.
| • | Levin, Beth (2000). Aspect, lexical semantic representation, and argument expression. BLS 26, 413-429. | |
| • | Rappaport Hovav, Malka and Beth Levin (2002). Change of state verbs: Implications for theories of argument projection. BSL 28, 269-280. | |
| • | Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav (2004). The semantic determinants of argument expression: A view from the English resultative construction. [published in: Guéron, J. and J. Lecarme, eds. 2004. The syntax of time. 477-494. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.] |
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| • | Rappaport Hovav, Malka and Beth Levin (2007). Deconstructing thematic hierarchies. [published in: A. Zaenen, A., Simpson, J., King, T.H., Grimshaw, J., Maling, J. and C. Manning, eds. 2007. Architectures, rules, and preferences: Variations on themes by Joan W. Bresnan. 385-402. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.] |
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| • | Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav (2013). Lexicalized meaning and manner/result complementarity. [published in: Arsenijević, B., Gehrke, B. and R. Marín, eds. 2013. Subatomic Semantics of Event Predicates. 49-70. Dordrecht: Springer.] |
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| • | Levin, Beth (to appear). Verb classes within and across languages. [to appear in: Comrie, B. and A. Malchukov, eds. (forthcoming). Valency Classes: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin: de Gruyter.] |
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Another researcher whose work has focussed over the years on problems pertaining to the interfacing of lexical and syntactically realized argument structure is the late Tanya Reinhart (1943-2007). The list of downloadables at her University of Utrecht site offers, among others, the following:
| • | Reinhart, Tanya (1996). Syntactic effects of lexical operations: reflexives and unaccusatives. OTS Working Papers in Linguistics. | |
| • | Reinhart, Tanya and Tal Siloni (1999). Against the unaccusative analysis. [published in: Alexiadou, A., Anagnostopoulou, E. and M. Everaert, eds. 2003. The unaccusativitiy puzzle. Explorations of the syntax-lexicon interface. Oxford: OUP.] |
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| • | Reinhart, Tanya (2000). The theta system: syntactic realization of verbal concepts. OTS Working Papers in Linguistics. | |
| • | Reinhart, Tanya and Tal Saloni (2003). Thematic arity operations and parametric variations. OTS Working Papers in Linguistics. | |
| • | Reinhart, Tanya (2003). The Theta System – An overview. [published in: Theoretical Linguistics 28.3, 229-290.] | |
